Qatar
First adopted: 2022
Last modified: n/a
RTI Rating last updated: n/a
Introduction
Qatar’s RTI Law, Law No. 9 of 2022 Regulating the Right to Receive Information, is a weak law. It fails to clearly lay out procedures on how to make RTI requests, and its system of exceptions lacks a public interest override and sunset clauses, and it has unclear rules and overbroad or otherwise illegitimate exceptions, such as allowing for requests to be denied where "necessary circumstances" prevent a request from being answered. Another key failure of this law is its complete absence of a right of appeal to an independent oversight body, instead offering only an internal complaint mechanism without outlining clear rules on how to lodge such complaints. The law also lacks sufficient promotional measures and provides for significant penalties for revealing information contrary to the law without providing any protections for officials who reveal information in good faith. The Law performed strongest in the Scope category but still lacked clarity as to which bodies are subject to it.id | Section | Points | Max score |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Right of Access | 0 | 6 |
2 | Scope | 19 | 30 |
3 | Requesting Procedures | 7 | 30 |
4 | Exceptions & Refusal | 10 | 30 |
5 | Appeals | 1 | 30 |
6 | Sanctions & Protections | 2 | 8 |
7 | Promotional Measures | 4 | 16 |
∑ = 43 | ∑ = 150 |
Section | I | Description | Scoring instructions | Max score | Findings | Points | Article | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Right of Access |
1 | The legal framework (including jurisprudence) recognises a fundamental right of access to information. | Score 0 for no constitutional right to information, 1 point for a limited constitutional right, 2 points for full constitutional recognition of a public right of access to information. | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | No reference to RTI. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Qatar_2003.pdf?lang=en |
1. Right of Access |
2 | The legal framework creates a specific presumption in favour of access to all information held by public authorities, subject only to limited exceptions. | No=0, Partially=1, Yes=2 | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned properly although the idea of a right to request is implicit in the nature of the law. |
1. Right of Access |
3 | The legal framework contains a specific statement of principles calling for a broad interpretation of the RTI law. The legal framework emphasises the benefits of the right to information. | One point for each characteristic. | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
2. Scope |
4 | Everyone (including non-citizens and legal entities) has the right to file requests for information. | Score 0 point if only residents/citizens; 1 point for all natural persons; 1 point for legal persons. | 2 | YES | 2 | مادة 1: في تطبيق أحكام هذا القانون، تكون للكلمات والعبارات التالية، المعاني الموضحة قرين كل منها، ما لم يقتضِ السياق معنى آخر... طالب المعلومات: كل شخص طبيعي أو معنوي يتقدم بطلب للحصول على المعلومات من الجهة المعنية، وفقاً للضوابط والإجراءات المنصوص عليها في هذا القانون 1. In applying the provisions of this law, the following words and expressions will have the meanings indicated next to each of them, unless the context requires another meaning... Information requester: Every natural or legal person who submits a request to obtain information from the concerned authority, in accordance with the controls and procedures stipulated in this law. |
Full points awarded although it would be better to stipulate that this applies regardless of nationality. |
2. Scope |
5 | The right of access applies to all material held by or on behalf of public authorities which is recorded in any format, regardless of who produced it. | Score 1-3 points if limited definition of information information such as not "internal documents" or databases excluded, 4 points for all information with no exceptions. | 4 | Partially | 3 | مادة 1: في تطبيق أحكام هذا القانون، تكون للكلمتين والعبارات التالية، المعاني الموضحة قرين كل منها، ما لم يقتضِ السياق معنى آخر المعلومات : البيانات والإحصاءات والوثائق المتاحة لدى الجهة المعنية بأي وسيلة، وفقاً لأحكام هـذا القـانـون 1.In applying the provisions of this law, the following words and expressions will have the meanings indicated next to each of them, unless the context requires another meaning: Information: Data, statistics and documents available to the concerned authority by any means, in accordance with the provisions of this law |
This is formally limited to "data, statistics and documents" as opposed to other forms, although it does go on to refer to being available to the authority "by any means". |
2. Scope |
6 | Requesters have a right to access both information and records/documents (i.e. a right both to ask for information and to apply for specific documents). | Score 1 point for only documents, 1 point for information. | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 1: في تطبيق أحكام هذا القانون، تكون للكلمتين والعبارات التالية، المعاني الموضحة قرين كل منها، ما لم يقتضِ السياق معنى آخر المعلومات : البيانات والإحصاءات والوثائق المتاحة لدى الجهة المعنية بأي وسيلة، وفقاً لأحكام هـذا القـانـون 1.In applying the provisions of this law, the following words and expressions will have the meanings indicated next to each of them, unless the context requires another meaning: Information: Data, statistics and documents available to the concerned authority by any means, in accordance with the provisions of this law |
Information is defined as data, statistics and documents and requests relate to information so this is not sufficiently clear. |
2. Scope |
7 | The right of access applies to the executive branch with no bodies or classes of information excluded.This includes executive (cabinet) and administration including all ministries, departments, local government, public schools, public health care bodies, the police, the armed forces, security services, and bodies owned or controlled by the above. | Score 4 points for central government agencies covered: 1 for the head of state, 1 for ministries, 1 for other non-statutory agencies created by the ministries, 1 for state and local government if the government is unitary. If it´s a federalist system, 2 points for the non-statutory agencies. This can be determined by examining the length and thoroughness of the list, if such a schedule exists. Score 1 point for the archives. Add three points and deduct 1 for each exempted central agency (such as the armed forces, police, etc). | 8 | Partially | 6 | مادة 2: تسري أحكام هذا القـانـون على الجهـات التالية (1) الوزارات والأجهزة الحكومية الأخرى والهيئات والمؤسسات العامة والجهات التابعة لأي منها 2. The provisions of this law apply to the following entities: (2)...Ministries, other government agencies, public bodies and institutions, and entities affiliated with any of them |
It seems like this would cover the whole executive. The Amiri Diwan is not explicitly listed, but benefit of the doubt is given that it would be considered a public body or institution. It is not entirely clear that all bodies which are owned or controlled by the executive would be covered though. |
2. Scope |
8 | The right of access applies to the legislature, including both administrative and other information, with no bodies excluded. | Score 1 point if the law only applies to administrative documents, 2-3 points if some bodies excluded, 4 points if all legislative branch at all levels of government | 4 | Partially | 2 | مادة 2: تسري أحكام هذا القـانـون على الجهـات التالية (1) الوزارات والأجهزة الحكومية الأخرى والهيئات والمؤسسات العامة والجهات التابعة لأي منها. 2. The provisions of this law apply to the following entities: (1) Ministries, other government agencies, public bodies and institutions, and entities affiliated with any of them. |
The Consultative Assembly is not explicitly listed. It is unclear whether this would be considered a public body or institution. Some benefit of the doubt given. |
2. Scope |
9 | The right of access applies to the judicial branch, including both administrative and other information, with no bodies excluded. | Score 1 point if the law only applies to administrative documents, 2-3 points if some bodies excluded, 4 points if all judicial branch at all levels of government | 4 | Partially | 2 | مادة 2: تسري أحكام هذا القـانـون على الجهـات التالية مادة (1) الوزارات والأجهزة الحكومية الأخرى والهيئات والمؤسسات العامة والجهات التابعة لأي منها. (2) الجمعيات والمؤسسات الخاصة، وغيرها من الكيانات التي تباشر أعمالاً ذات نفع عام. (3)الشركات المملوكة للدولة بالكامل أو التي تساهم فيهما بنسبة (51%) من رأسمالها أو أكثر. (4) الجهات الأخرى التي يصدر بتحديدها قرار من مجلس الوزراء 2. The provisions of this law apply to the following entities: (1) Ministries, other government agencies, public bodies and institutions, and entities affiliated with any of them. (2) Private associations and institutions, and other entities that carry out work of public benefit. (3) Companies wholly owned by the state or in which they contribute 51% of their capital or more. (4) Other bodies specified by a decision of the Council of Ministers |
The judicial branch is not explicitly referenced, but some benefit of the doubt is given that it would be considered a public body or institution. |
2. Scope |
10 | The right of access applies to State-owned enterprises (commercial entities that are owned or controlled by the State). | Score 1 point if some, 2 points if all | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 2: تسري أحكام هذا القـانـون على الجهـات التالية ... (3) الشركات المملوكة للدولة بالكامل أو التي تساهم فيهما بنسبة (51%) من رأسمالها أو أكثر. 2. The provisions of this law apply to the following entities: ... (3) Companies wholly owned by the state or in which they contribute 51% of their capital or more. |
Limited to companies in which the State has 51% or more ownership whereas control can be present at much lower levels. |
2. Scope |
11 | The right of access applies to other public authorities, including constitutional, statutory and oversight bodies (such as an election commission or information commission/er). | Score 1 point if some bodies, 2 points if all | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 2: تسري أحكام هذا القـانـون على الجهـات التالية (1) الوزارات والأجهزة الحكومية الأخرى والهيئات والمؤسسات العامة والجهات التابعة لأي منها. 2. The provisions of this law apply to the following entities: (1) Ministries, other government agencies, public bodies and institutions, and entities affiliated with any of them. |
It seems unlikely that all constitutional and statutory bodies are covered but some benefit of the doubt given that some will be covered. |
2. Scope |
12 | The right of access applies to a) private bodies that perform a public function and b) private bodies that receive significant public funding. | 1 point for public functions, 1 point for public funding | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 2: تسري أحكام هذا القـانـون على الجهـات التالي (2) ... الجمعيات والمؤسسات الخاصة، وغيرها من الكيانات التي تباشر أعمالاً ذات نفع عام. 2. The provisions of this law apply to the following entities: ... (2) Private associations and institutions, and other entities that carry out work of public benefit. |
Private bodies which perform a public function are covered, but the law does not mention private bodies which receive public funding. |
3. Requesting Procedures |
13 | Requesters are not required to provide reasons for their requests. | Y/N answer 0 or 2 points | 2 | NO | 0 | مادة 11: يتم الحصول على المعلومات بناءً على طلب يقدمه طالب المعلومات إلى الجهة المعنية، على النموذج المعد لهذا الغرض، ويتضمن النموذج البيانات التي تحددها الجهة المعنية، وعلى الأخص بيانات طالب المعلومات، والمعلومات التي يرغب في الحصول عليها، ومبررات تقديم الطلب 11. Information is obtained based on a request submitted by the information requester to the concerned authority, on the form prepared for this purpose. The form includes the data specified by the concerned authority, in particular the data of the information requester, the information he wishes to obtain, and the justifications for submitting the request. |
Requestors must justify their requests. |
3. Requesting Procedures |
14 | Requesters are only required to provide the details necessary for identifying and delivering the information (i.e. some form of address for delivery). | Score Max 2 points and deduct if requesters are required to give any of the following: ID number, telephone number, residential address, etc. | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 11: يتم الحصول على المعلومات بناءً على طلب يقدمه طالب المعلومات إلى الجهة المعنية، على النموذج المعد لهذا الغرض، ويتضمن النموذج البيانات التي تحددها الجهة المعنية، وعلى الأخص بيانات طالب المعلومات، والمعلومات التي يرغب في الحصول عليها، ومبررات تقديم الطلب 11. Information is obtained based on a request submitted by the information requester to the concerned authority, on the form prepared for this purpose. The form includes the data specified by the concerned authority, in particular the data of the information requester, the information he wishes to obtain, and the justifications for submitting the request. |
The Law does not specify what 'data of the information requester' covers but likely identification information, and the online form on the Administrative Control and Transparency Authority's website (https://www.acta.gov.qa/ar-qa/Pages/InfoRight.aspx) indeed requires one's 'personal number' to be provided. In addition, the law does not include a copy of the form as a schedule, so the exact rules are not actually set in this area. |
3. Requesting Procedures |
15 | There are clear and relatively simple procedures for making requests. Requests may be submitted by any means of communication, with no requirement to use official forms or to state that the information is being requested under the access to information law. | Max 2 points. Considerations include that there is no requirement to state that the request is under the RTI law, nor to use an official form, nor to identify the document being sought. | 2 | NO | 0 | مادة 11: يتم الحصول على المعلومات بناءً على طلب يقدمه طالب المعلومات إلى الجهة المعنية، على النموذج المعد لهذا الغرض، ويتضمن النموذج البيانات التي تحددها الجهة المعنية، وعلى الأخص بيانات طالب المعلومات، والمعلومات التي يرغب في الحصول عليها، ومبررات تقديم الطلب 11. Information is obtained based on a request submitted by the information requester to the concerned authority, on the form prepared for this purpose. The form includes the data specified by the concerned authority, in particular the data of the information requester, the information he wishes to obtain, and the justifications for submitting the request. |
An official form is required and there is no provision for how a request may be made. |
3. Requesting Procedures |
16 | Public officials are required to provide assistance to help requesters formulate their requests, or to contact and assist requesters where requests that have been made are vague, unduly broad or otherwise need clarification. | Score 1 point for help in formulation and 1 point for clarification procedures | 2 | NO | 0 | مادة 7: تقوم الإدارة المختصة بتيسير الحصول على المعلومات وتقديم المساعدة الكافية في الأحوال الــتي يحتــاج فيها طالـب المعلومات لمساعدة خاصة، كذوي الإعاقة أو كبار السن أو الأُمـيّين أو غيرهم. المادة 17 يُرفض طلب الحصول على المعلومات في الحالات التالية (4) إذا كـان طلب المعلومات غير واضح. 7. The competent administration facilitates obtaining information and provides adequate assistance in cases where the information seeker needs special assistance, such as people with disabilities, the elderly, the illiterate, or others. 17. A request for information will be rejected in the following cases: ... (4) If the information request is not clear. |
No explicit obligations to assist with formulating requests or to contact requestors where requests are vague. Instead, vague requests are to be rejected. |
3. Requesting Procedures |
17 | Public officials are required to provide assistance to requesters who require it because of special needs, for example because they are illiterate or disabled. | Score Yes=2 point, No=0 | 2 | YES | 2 | مادة 7: تقوم الإدارة المختصة بتيسير الحصول على المعلومات وتقديم المساعدة الكافية في الأحوال الــتي يحتــاج فيها طالـب المعلومات لمساعدة خاصة، كذوي الإعاقة أو كبار السن أو الأُمـيّين أو غيرهم 7. The competent administration facilitates obtaining information and provides adequate assistance in cases where the information seeker needs special assistance, such as people with disabilities, the elderly, the illiterate, or others. |
|
3. Requesting Procedures |
18 | Requesters are provided with a receipt or acknowledgement upon lodging a request within a reasonable timeframe, which should not exceed 5 working days. | Score 1 point for receipt, 1 point for max 5 working days | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
3. Requesting Procedures |
19 | Clear and appropriate procedures are in place for situations where the authority to which a request is directed does not have the requested information. This includes an obligation to inform the requester that the information is not held and to refer the requester to another institution or to transfer the request where the public authority knows where the information is held. | Score: 1 point for information not held, 1 for referrals or 2 for transfers | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
3. Requesting Procedures |
20 | Public authorities are required to comply with requesters’ preferences regarding how they access information, subject only to clear and limited overrides (e.g. to protect a record). | Score: 2 points for Yes, only 1 point if some limitations | 2 | NO | 0 | ، مادة 13: ...... ويتم تسليم المعلومات ورقياً أو إلكترونياً وفقاً للآلية التي تتوفر لدى الجهة المعنية 13....The information is delivered in paper or electronic form according to the mechanism available to the concerned party. |
No right relating to format is vested in the applicant; instead this is up to the desires of the authority. |
3. Requesting Procedures |
21 | Public authorities are required to respond to requests as soon as possible. | Score: No=0, Yes=2 points | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
3. Requesting Procedures |
22 | There are clear and reasonable maximum timelines (20 working days or less) for responding to requests, regardless of the manner of satisfying the request (including through publication). | Score: 1 point for timeframes of 20 working days (or 1 month, 30 days or 4 weeks). Score 2 points for 10 working days (or 15 days, or two weeks) or less. | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 12: يتعين على الجهة المعنية البت في الطلب خلال (15) خمسة عشر يوماً من تاريخ تقديمه، ويجوز لها تمديد هذه الفترة لمدة مماثلة، بحسب طبيعة أو كم المعلومات المطلوبة، وإذا صدر القرار بالرفض وجب أن يكون مسبباً مادة 13:على الإدارة المختصة إخطار طالب المعلومات بقبول الطلب كلياً أو جزئياً أو برفض الطلب وأسباب الرفض، وذلك علـى عنوانه الوطني أو بأي وسيلة أخرى تفيد العلم خلال (7) سبعة أيام من تاريخ البت في الطلب، ويتم تسليم المعلومات ورقياً أو إلكترونياً وفقاً للآلية التي تتوفر لدى الجهة المعنية. مادة 14:لطالب المعلومات التقدم للحصول على المعلومات بصفة عاجلة في الحالات التي قد يؤدي فيها انتظار المدة المقررة لإجابة الطلب إلى إلحاق ضرر محقق بحقوقه الشخصية أو المالية، ويكون ذلك وفقاً للمبررات التي يبديها في الطلب. ويتعين على الجهة المعنية البت في الطلـب خـلال يومين من تاريخ تقديمه، سواء بإجابة طالب المعلومات إلى طلبه، أو رفض الطلب مع بيـان أسباب الـرفض مادة 15: على طالب المعلومات استلام المعلومات خلال (7) سبعة أيام من تاريخ إخطاره بقبول الطلب كلياً أو جزئياً، وإلا وجب عليه تقديم طلب جديد، وفقاً لأحكام هذا القانون 12. The concerned authority must decide on the request within (15) fifteen days from the date of its submission, and it may extend this period for a similar period, depending on the nature or amount of information requested, and if a rejection decision is issued, it must be reasoned. 13. The competent administration must notify the information requester of the acceptance of the request in whole or in part or of the rejection of the request and the reasons for the rejection, at his national address or by any other means that informs him within (7) seven days from the date of deciding on the request. The information is delivered in paper or electronic form according to the mechanism available to Concerned party. 14. The information requester may apply to obtain information urgently in cases where waiting the specified period to answer the request may lead to real harm to his personal or financial rights, and this shall be in accordance with the justifications he provides in the request. The concerned authority must decide on the request within two days from the date of its submission, whether by responding to the information requester’s request, or rejecting the request with a statement of the reasons for the rejection. 15. The information requester must receive the information within (7) seven days from the date of notification of the acceptance of the application in whole or in part. Otherwise, he must submit a new application, in accordance with the provisions of this law. |
A decision is made within 15 days, notice is provided in 7 more days and the information is provided 7 days after that. Assuming, to give the benefit of the doubt, that these are calendar days, that is about 20 working days in total. |
3. Requesting Procedures |
23 | There are clear limits on timeline extensions (20 working days or less), including a requirement that requesters be notified and provided with the reasons for the extension. | - | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 12: يتعين على الجهة المعنية البت في الطلب خلال (15) خمسة عشر يوماً من تاريخ تقديمه، ويجوز لها تمديد هذه الفترة لمدة مماثلة، بحسب طبيعة أو كم المعلومات 12. The concerned authority must decide on the request within (15) fifteen days from the date of its submission, and it may extend this period for a similar period, depending on the nature or amount of information requested, and if a rejection decision is issued, it must be reasoned. |
No notification requirement for extensions. The grounds for extensions are also a bit unclear. |
3. Requesting Procedures |
24 | It is free to file requests. | Score: No=0, Yes=2 points | 2 | Partially | 1 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned, but some benefit of the doubt given. The online form for submitting information requests does not appear to require payment: https://www.acta.gov.qa/ar-qa/Pages/InfoRight.aspx |
3. Requesting Procedures |
25 | There are clear rules relating to access fees, which are set centrally, rather than being determined by individual public authorities. These include a requirement that fees be limited to the cost of reproducing and sending the information (so that inspection of documents and electronic copies are free) and that a certain initial number of pages (at least 20) are provided for free. | Score 1 point for fees being limited to reproduction and delivery costs and set centrally, 1 point for at least 20 pages free of charge or for fees being optional | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 19: للجهة المعنية أن تُقرر مقابلاً للحصول على المعلومات لا يجاوز تكلفة إعدادها وتسليمها بصورتها النهائية 19. The concerned authority may determine a fee for obtaining the information that does not exceed the cost of preparing and delivering it in its final form |
Fees are limited to reproduction and delivery costs but not set centrally, and there are no free pages. |
3. Requesting Procedures |
26 | There are fee waivers for impecunious requesters. | - | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
3. Requesting Procedures |
27 | There are no limitations on or charges for reuse of information received from public bodies, except where a third party (which is not a public authority) holds a legally-protected copyright over the information. | Score: No=0, Yes=2 points | 2 | NO | 0 | مادة 5: يجوز لطالب المعلومات استخدام أو إعادة استخدام المعلومات التي قامت الجهات المعنية بنشرها تلقائياً، مع مراعاة ما يلي: (1) يتم استخدام المعلومات لأغراض مشروعة. (2) عدم تحريف مضمون المعلومات. (3) ضرورة الإشارة إلى مصدر المعلومات وتاريخ إصدارها. (4) - عدم الإساءة للغير أو الإضرار بالمصلحة العامة. المادة 10 تُنشر المعلومات المنصوص عليها في المادة السابقة على الموقع الإلكتروني للجهة المعنية، بصورة قابلة للمعالجة الآلية، ويجوز نشرها بأي وسيلة أخرى واسعة الانتشار، على النحو الذي يتلاءم مع طبيعة عملها. مادة 16: لا يجوز نشر المعلومات غير الشخصية التي تم الحصول عليها بناءً على طلب، عن طريق وسائل الإعلام أو وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي أو الطبع أو بأي وسيلة أخرى، إلا بعد الحصول علـى إذن من الجهة المعنية مادة 24: يُعاقب بالحبس مدة لا تجاوز ستة أشهر وبالغرامة التي لا تزيد على (50,000) خمسين ألف ريال، أو بإحدى هاتين العقوبتين، كل من خالف أياً من أحكام المادة (5) من هذا القانون 5. The information requester may use or reuse the information that the relevant authorities have automatically published, taking into account the following: (1) The information is used for legitimate purposes. (2) Do not distort the content of the information. (3) It is necessary to indicate the source of the information and the date of its release. (4) Not to offend others or harm the public interest. 10. The information stipulated in the previous article shall be published on the website of the concerned authority, in a form capable of automated processing, and may be published by any other widespread means, in a manner consistent with the nature of its work. 16. It is not permissible to publish non-personal information obtained upon request, through the media, social media, print, or any other means, except after obtaining permission from the concerned authority. 24. Anyone who violates any of the provisions of Article (5) of this law shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months and a fine not exceeding (50,000) fifty thousand riyals, or by one of these two penalties. |
There is some recognition of the idea of reuse, including that information should be published in an open format, but it is limited to information that is subject to proactive publication, has unwarranted limitations and severe penalties for breach of those conditions (much harsher, for example, than for obstructing access, which only gets a fine pursuant to Articles 22 and 23.) |
4. Exceptions & Refusal |
28 | The standards in the RTI Law trump restrictions on information disclosure (secrecy provisions) in other legislation to the extent of any conflict. | Score 4 points for a resounding "yes" and 1/2/3 points if only for some classes of information or for some exceptions. If the state secrets law is not trumped by the RTI law max score is 2 points. | 4 | NO | 0 | مادة 3: لا تسري أحكام هذا القانون على طلبات الحصول على المعلومات المنظمة بموجب أي قانون آخر. مادة 20: مع عدم الإخلال بالأحكام المنصوص عليها في أي قـانون آخر، لا يجوز الإفصاح عن المعلومات المتعلقة بما يلي (8)..... المعلومات والوثائق السرية بطبيعتها أو المحمية أو غير المُصرح بالإفصاح عنها، بموجب القوانين السارية في الدولة 3. The provisions of this law do not apply to requests to obtain information regulated under any other law...20. Without prejudice to the provisions stipulated in any other law, information related to the following may not be disclosed (8)... - Information and documents that are confidential in nature, protected, or not authorized to be disclosed, under the laws in force in the country |
|
4. Exceptions & Refusal |
29 | The exceptions to the right of access are consistent with international standards. Permissible exceptions are: national security; international relations; public health and safety; the prevention, investigation and prosecution of legal wrongs; privacy; legitimate commercial and other economic interests; management of the economy; fair administration of justice and legal advice privilege; conservation of the environment; and legitimate policy making and other operations of public authorities. | Score 10 points and then deduct 1 point for each exception which either (a) falls outside of this list and/or (b) is more broadly framed | 10 | Partially | 6 | مادة(17) يرفض طلب الحصول على المعلومات ، في الحاالت التالية: (5) الحاالت الضرورية التي تحول دون إجابة الطلب . مادة 20: مع عدم الإخلال بالأحكام المنصوص عليها في أي قـانون آخر، لا يجوز الإفصاح عن المعلومات المتعلقة بما يلي (1) معلومات التي من شأن الحصول أو الاطلاع عليها الإضرار بأمن واقتصاد الدولة، أو مصلحتها العامة، أو بعلاقاتها الدولية. (2) المعلومات التي تمس حرمة الحياة الخاصة. (3) لمعلومات التي لا يجوز الإفصاح عنها بموجب اتفاق بـين الجهة المعنية وبين الغير، أو التي تحتوي على أسرار تجارية أو مهنية لطرف آخر. (4) المعلومات التي تتعلق بسياسات أو قـرارات أو تجـارب أو اختبارات في مرحلة التحضير والإعداد. (5) المعلومات التي من شأن الإفصاح عنها الإضرار بسير التحقيقات أو إعاقة ملاحقة الجناة أو القبض عليهم أو تعريض حياة الأشخاص أو أمنهم للخطر. (6) المعلومات والملفات الشخصية والمتعلقة بسجلات الأشخاص التعليمية أو الطبية أو السجلات الوظيفية أو الحسابات أو التحويلات المصرفية. (7) المعلومات التي من شأن الإفصاح عنها الإخلال بحقوق الملكية الفكرية أو المنافسة العادلة. (8) المعلومات السرية بطبيعتها أو المحمية أو غير المُصرح بالإفصاح عنها، بموجب القوانين السارية في الدولة Article (17): A request to obtain information will be rejected in the following cases: (5) Necessary circumstances that prevent the request from being answered. 20. Without prejudice to the provisions stipulated in any other law, information related to the following may not be disclosed: (1) Information that obtaining or accessing would harm the security and economy of the state, its public interest, or its international relations. (2) Information that affects the sanctity of private life. (3) Information that may not be disclosed under an agreement between the concerned party and a third party, or that contains commercial or professional secrets of another party. (4) Information related to policies, decisions, experiments or tests in the preparation stage. (5) Information whose disclosure would harm the conduct of investigations, hinder the prosecution or arrest of perpetrators, or expose people’s lives or security to danger. (6) Personal information and files related to people’s educational or medical records, employment records, accounts, or bank transfers. (7) Information whose disclosure would violate intellectual property rights or fair competition. (8) Information that is confidential in nature, protected, or not authorized to be disclosed under the laws in force in the country |
Necessary circumstances (17(5)) is illegitimate, and the economy of the State (20(1), Public interest (20(1)) and unfinalised policies, decisions and experiments (20(4)) are overbroad. 20(6) is unnecessary since privacy is already covered under 20(2) but no point deducted for that. |
4. Exceptions & Refusal |
30 | A harm test applies to all exceptions, so that it is only where disclosure poses a risk of actual harm to a protected interest that it may be refused. | Score 4 points and then deduct 1 point for each exception which is not subject to the harm test | 4 | Partially | 3 | مادة 20: مع عدم الإخلال بالأحكام المنصوص عليها في أي قـانون آخر، لا يجوز الإفصاح عن المعلومات المتعلقة بما يلي ... (3) المعلومات التي لا يجوز الإفصاح عنها بموجب اتفاق بـين الجهة المعنية وبين الغير، أو التي تحتوي على أسرار تجارية أو مهنية لطرف آخر. 20. Without prejudice to the provisions stipulated in any other law, information related to the following may not be disclosed: (3) Information that may not be disclosed under an agreement between the concerned party and a third party, or that contains commercial or professional secrets of another party. |
20(3) is not harm-tested. 20(4) is also not harm-tested but is already accounted for under Indicator 29. |
4. Exceptions & Refusal |
31 | There is a mandatory public interest override so that information must be disclosed where this is in the overall public interest, even if this may harm a protected interest. There are ‘hard’ overrides (which apply absolutely), for example for information about human rights, corruption or crimes against humanity. | Consider whether the override is subject to overarching limitations, whether it applies to only some exceptions, and whether it is mandatory. | 4 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
4. Exceptions & Refusal |
32 | Information must be released as soon as an exception ceases to apply (for example, after a contract tender process decision has been taken). The law contains a clause stating that exceptions to protect public interests do not apply to information which is over 20 years old. | Score 1 point for each | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
4. Exceptions & Refusal |
33 | Clear and appropriate procedures are in place for consulting with third parties who provided information which is the subject of a request on a confidential basis. Public authorities shall take into account any objections by third parties when considering requests for information, but third parties do not have veto power over the release of information. | Score: 1 point for consultation, 1 further point if original time frames must be respected and the law allows for expedited appeals. | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
4. Exceptions & Refusal |
34 | There is a severability clause so that where only part of a record is covered by an exception the remainder must be disclosed. | Score 1 point if yes but sometimes can be refused (eg: if deletions render meaningless the document) and 2 points if partial access must always be granted | 2 | NO | 0 | :مادة 13 على الإدارة المختصة إخطار طالب المعلومات بقبول الطلب كلياً أو جزئياً أو برفض الطلب وأسباب الرفض ... 13. The competent administration must notify the information requester of the acceptance of the application in whole or in part or of the rejection of the application and the reasons for the rejection... |
The law allows for partial information to be delivered, but there is no clear severability clause with an explicit requirement to provide partial records. |
4. Exceptions & Refusal |
35 | When refusing to provide access to information, public authorities must a) state the exact legal grounds and reason(s) for the refusal and b) inform the applicant of the relevant appeals procedures. | Score Y/N: 1 point for a and 1 point for b | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 12: يتعين على الجهة المعنية البت في الطلب خلال (15) خمسة عشر يوماً من تاريخ تقديمه، ويجوز لها تمديد هذه الفترة لمدة مماثلة، بحسب طبيعة أو كم المعلومات المطلوبة، وإذا صدر القرار بالرفض وجب أن يكون مسبباً 12. The concerned authority must decide on the request within (15) fifteen days from the date of its submission, and it may extend this period for a similar period, depending on the nature or amount of information requested, and if a rejection decision is issued, it must be reasoned. |
Rejections must contain reasons, but there is no mention of notification of the right to appeal. |
5. Appeals |
36 | The law offers an internal appeal which is simple, free of charge and completed within clear timelines (20 working days or less). | Score 2 points if the internal appeal fulfills these criteria, 1 point if an appeal is offered that does not fulfill this criteria, 0 for no internal appeals. | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 1: في تطبيق أحكام هذا القانون، تكون للكلمتين والعبارات التالية، المعاني الموضحة قرين كل منها، ما لم يقتضِ السياق معنى آخر … الرئيس: الوزير، أو رئيس الجهاز الحكومي أو الهيئة أو المؤسسة العامة أو الجمعية، أو رئيس مجلس إدارة الشركة، ومن في حكمهم ممن قد يترأسون إحدى الجهات المنصوص عليها في المادة (2) من هذا القانون، بحسب الأحوال . مادة 18: لطالب المعلومات أن يتظلم للرئيس في حال رفض طلبه، وذلك خلال (30) ثلاثين يوماً من تاريخ إخطاره بنتيجة البت في الطلب، ويبتُّ الرئيس في التظلم في مدة لا تجاوز (15) خمسة عشرة يوماً من تاريخ تقديمه، ويُعتبر مضي هذه المدة دون البت في التظلم رفضاً ضمنياً له 1. In applying the provisions of this law, the following words and phrases will have the meanings indicated next to each of them, unless the context requires another meaning. … President: The Minister, the head of the government agency, the public authority or institution, or the association, or the chairman of the company’s board of directors, and those of the like who may head one of the bodies stipulated in Article (2) of this law, as the case may be. 18. The information requester may file a grievance with the President if his request is rejected, within (30) thirty days from the date of his notification of the result of deciding on the request. The President shall decide on the grievance within a period not exceeding (15) fifteen days from the date of its submission. Where this period has passed without deciding on the grievance, it is deemed to be implicitly rejected. |
There is an internal complaint with reasonable timelines, but the exact procedure for how to file the complaint is not specified, nor does it explicitly state that it is free of charge. |
5. Appeals |
37 | Requesters have the right to lodge an (external) appeal with an independent administrative oversight body (e.g. an information commission or ombudsman). | 1 for partial, 2 for yes | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
38 | The member(s) of the oversight body are appointed in a manner that is protected against political interference and have security of tenure so that they are protected against arbitrary dismissal (procedurally/substantively) once appointed. | Score: 1 point for appointment procedure, 1 point for security of tenure | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
39 | The oversight body reports to and has its budget approved by the parliament, or other effective mechanisms are in place to protect its financial independence. | Score 1 point for reports to parliament, 1 point for budget approved by parliament | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
40 | There are prohibitions on individuals with strong political connections from being appointed to this body and requirements of professional expertise. | Score 1 point for not politically connected, 1 point for professional expertise | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
41 | The independent oversight body has the necessary mandate and power to perform its functions, including to review classified documents and inspect the premises of public bodies. | Score 1 point for reviewing classified documents, 1 point for inspection powers | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
42 | The decisions of the independent oversight body are binding. | Score N=0, Y=2 points | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
43 | In deciding an appeal, the independent oversight body has the power to order appropriate remedies for the requester, including the declassification of information. | 1 for partial, 2 for fully | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
44 | Requesters have the right to lodge a judicial appeal. | 1 for partially, 2 for fully. | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
45 | Appeals to the oversight body (where applicable, or to the judiciary if no such body exists) are free of charge and do not require legal assistance. | 1 for free, 1 for no lawyer required. | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
46 | The grounds for an external appeal are broad (including not only refusals to provide information but also refusals to provide information in the form requested, administrative silence and other breach of timelines, charging excessive fees, etc.). | Score 1 point for appealing refusals, additional points for appealing other violations. | 4 | NO | 0 | مادة 18: لطالب المعلومات أن يتظلم للرئيس في حال رفض طلبه، وذلك خلال (30) ثلاثين يوماً من تاريخ إخطاره بنتيجة البت في الطلب، ويبتُّ الرئيس في التظلم في مدة لا تجاوز (15) خمسة عشرة يوماً من تاريخ تقديمه، ويُعتبر مضي هذه المدة دون البت في التظلم رفضاً ضمنياً له 18. The information requester may file a grievance with the President if his request is rejected, within (30) thirty days from the date of his notification of the result of deciding on the request. The President shall decide on the grievance within a period not exceeding (15) fifteen days from the date of its submission. Where this period has passed without deciding on the grievance, it is deemed to be implicitly rejected. |
Not mentioned but it may be noted that the grounds for an internal appeal are limited to cases where a request is rejected. |
5. Appeals |
47 | Clear procedures, including timelines, are in place for dealing with external appeals. | Score 1 point for clear procedures, 1 point for timelines. | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
48 | In the appeal process, the government bears the burden of demonstrating that it did not operate in breach of the rules. | Score Y/N and award 2 points for yes. | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
5. Appeals |
49 | The external appellate body has the power to impose appropriate structural measures on the public authority (e.g. to conduct more training or to engage in better records management) | 1 for partial, 2 for fully. | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
6. Sanctions & Protections |
50 | Sanctions may be imposed on those who wilfully act to undermine the right to information, including through the unauthorised destruction of information. | Score 1 point for sanctions for underming right, 1 point for destruction of documents | 2 | YES | 2 | مادة 22: يعاقب بالغرامة التي لا تزيد على (20,000) عشرين ألف ريال، كل من تدخل في عمل أحد المختصين بتطبيق أحكام هذا القانون بقصد إعاقته عن تقديم المعلومات23 يُعاقب بالغرامة التي لا تزيد على (50,000) خمسين ألف ريال، كل مختص بتطبيق أحكام هذا القانون يرتكب أحد الأفعال التالية: (1) حجب أو امتنع عمداً ودون مقتضٍ، عن تقديم المعلومات المطلوبة وفقاً لأحكام هذا القانون. (2) قدم معلومات غير صحيحة مع علمه بذلك 22. Anyone who interferes in the work of one of the specialists in implementing the provisions of this law with the intention of obstructing him from providing information shall be punished with a fine not exceeding (20,000) twenty thousand riyals. 23. Anyone responsible for implementing the provisions of this law who commits one of the following acts shall be punished with a fine not exceeding (50,000) fifty thousand riyals: (1) Deliberately and unjustifiably withholding or abstaining from providing the information required in accordance with the provisions of this law. (2) Knowlingly providing incorrect information |
Undermining the right is proscribed, but there is no offence specific to destroying documents. Also, Article 25 provides for much harsher sanctions - up to 10 years' imprisonment - for wrongly disclosing information. |
6. Sanctions & Protections |
51 | There is a system for redressing the problem of public authorities which systematically fail to disclose information or underperform (either through imposing sanctions on them or requiring remedial actions of them). | Score 1 point for either remedial action or sanctions, 2 points for both | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
6. Sanctions & Protections |
52 | The independent oversight body and its staff are granted legal immunity for acts undertaken in good faith in the exercise or performance of any power, duty or function under the RTI Law. Others are granted similar immunity for the good faith release of information pursuant to the RTI Law. | Score 1 for oversight body, 1 for immunity for others | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
6. Sanctions & Protections |
53 | There are legal protections against imposing sanctions on those who, in good faith, release information which discloses wrongdoing (i.e. whistleblowers). | Score 2 for strong protections, 1 for moderate protections | 2 | NO | 0 | مادة 25: يعاقب بالحبس مدة لا تجاوز سنتين وبالغرامة التي لا تزيد على (200,000) مائتي ألف ريال، أو بإحدى هاتين العقوبتـين، كل من أفصح أو أتاح أو كشف للغير معلومات لا يجوز الإفصاح عنها وفقاً لأحكام المادة (20) من هذا القانون. وتكون العقوبة الحبس مدة لا تتجاوز عشر سنوات إذا كـان من شأن الإفصاح أو الإتاحة أو الكشف عن المعلومات الإضرار بأمن واقتصاد الدولة أو مصلحتها العامة، أو بأي من علاقاتها الدولية 25. Anyone who discloses, makes available or reveals to others information that may not be disclosed in accordance with the provisions of Article (20) of this law shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years and a fine not exceeding (200,000) two hundred thousand riyals, or by one of these two penalties. The penalty shall be imprisonment for a period not exceeding ten years if revealing, disclosing or making available information would harm the security and economy of the state, its public interest, or any of its international relations. |
Penalties instead of protections. Qatar does not have a separate whistleblowing law. |
7. Promotional Measures |
54 | Public authorities are required to appoint officials (information officers) or units with dedicated responsibilities for ensuring that they comply with their information disclosure obligations. | Score Y/N, Y=2 points | 2 | Partially | 1 | المادة 1 في تطبيق أحكام هذا القانون، تكون للكلمتين والعبارات التالية، المعاني الموضحة قرين كل منها، ما لم يقتضِ السياق معنى آخر ... الإدارة المختصة: الوحدة الإدارية المعنية بتلقي طلبات الحصول على المعلومات والرد على تلك الطلبات، في الجهة المعنية. 1. In applying the provisions of this law, the following words and expressions will have the meanings indicated next to each of them, unless the context requires another meaning: … Competent Department: The administrative unit concerned with receiving requests for information and responding to those requests, in the concerned entity. |
There is no real obligation to appoint one of these but there is at least some reference to the idea so some benefit of the doubt given. |
7. Promotional Measures |
55 | A central body, such as an information commission(er) or government department, is given overall responsibility for promoting the right to information. | Score Y/N, Y=2 points | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
7. Promotional Measures |
56 | Public awareness-raising efforts (e.g. producing a guide for the public or introducing RTI awareness into schools) are required to be undertaken by law. | Score Y/N, Y=2 points | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned as a legal requirement although in practice there is a guide to the law: https://www.acta.gov.qa/Documents/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85%20%D8%AD%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA.pdf |
7. Promotional Measures |
57 | A system is in place whereby minimum standards regarding the management of records are set and applied. | Score Y/N, Y=2 points | 2 | YES | 2 | مادة 4: تقوم الجهة المعنية باتخاذ التدابير اللازمة للحفاظ على المعلومات التي بحوزتها، والاحتفاظ بمستنداتها وصيانتها، وتصنيفها وفهرستها، على النحو الذي يتيح تيسير الوصول إليها; قانون رقم(7) لسنة 2023, encyclop.sjc.gov.qa/lawlib/Files/ViewDOC.aspx?id=14171, 15-20 4. The concerned authority shall take the necessary measures to preserve the information in its possession, retain and maintain its documents, and classify and index them in a manner that facilitates access to them; See also Law No. 7 of 2023 on Documents and Archives, Articles 15-20, encyclop.sjc.gov.qa/lawlib/Files/ViewDOC.aspx?id=14171 |
There is a general obligation to maintain records in the law but more detailed obligations are outlined in Law No. 7 of 2023. |
7. Promotional Measures |
58 | Public authorities are required to create and update lists or registers of the documents in their possession, and to make these public. | Score Y/N, Y=2 points | 2 | NO | 0 | مادة 9: مع عدم الإخلال بحكم المادة (20) من هذا القانون، تقوم الجهة المعنية بالنشر التلقائي والتحديث الدوري للمعلومات التالية: (1) وسائل التواصل مع الجهة المعنية، وبصفة خاصة عنوان الجهة وأرقام هواتفها وبريدها العادي والإلـكتروني. (2) اللوائح والقرارات والتعليمات المنظمة للعمل بالجهة المعنية، والهيكلَـين التنظيمي والوظيفي لها، أو نظامها الأساسي بحسب الأحوال. (3) الأهداف والاختصاصات والمهام المنوطة بالجهة المعنية. (4) البرامج المتعلقة بالجهة المعنية وخطط تطبيقها. (5) الخدمات التي تقدمها الجهة المعنية إلى الجمهور بما فيها الخدمات الإلكترونية، والشروط والآجال والإجراءات والنماذج المتعلقة بها. (6) البيانات المتعلقة بالمناقصات والمزايدات. (7) إجراءات تقديم التظلمات والشكاوى وكيفية تلقيها. (8) إجراءات تقديم طلب الحصول على المعلومات. (9) أي معلومات يتعين على الجهة المعنية إتاحتها أو نشرها وفقاً لأحكام القانون. 9. Without prejudice to the provisions of Article (20) of this law, the concerned authority shall automatically publish and periodically update the following information: (1) Means of communication with the concerned entity, especially the entity’s address, telephone numbers, and regular and electronic mail. (2) The regulations, decisions and instructions regulating the work of the concerned authority, its organizational and functional structures, or its statute, as the case may be. (3) The objectives, competencies and tasks assigned to the concerned authority. (4) Programs related to the concerned authority and their implementation plans. (5) The services provided by the concerned entity to the public, including electronic services, and the conditions, deadlines, procedures and forms related to them. (6) Data related to tenders and auctions. (7) Procedures for submitting grievances and complaints and how to receive them. (8) Procedures for submitting a request to obtain information. (9) Any information that the concerned authority must make available or publish in accordance with the provisions of the law. |
Not listed among the documents which must be proactively disclosed. |
7. Promotional Measures |
59 | Training programs for officials are required to be put in place. | Score Y/N, Y=2 points | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned | |
7. Promotional Measures |
60 | Public authorities are required to report annually on the actions they have taken to implement their disclosure obligations. This includes statistics on requests received and how they were dealt with. | Score Y/N, Y=2 points | 2 | Partially | 1 | مادة 8: ترفع الإدارة المختصة تقريراً سنوياً إلى الرئيس مُبيناً فيه عدد طلبات الحصول على المعلومات التي قُدمت إليها، وما تمت الموافقة عليه منها، وما صدر فيه قرار بالرفض كلياً أو جزئياً 8. The competent department shall submit an annual report to the president, indicating the number of requests for information that were submitted to it, which of them were approved, and which were decided to reject, in whole or in part. |
There is an annual reporting requirement, but it is not clear these are public and the level of detail required is very basic. |
7. Promotional Measures |
61 | A central body, such as an information commission(er) or government department, has an obligation to present a consolidated report to the legislature on implementation of the law. | Score Y/N, Y=2 points | 2 | NO | 0 | Not mentioned |
- Methodology & Rating
- Historical
- News & Reports
- COVID-19 Tracker