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Sanctions & protections

Ranking	Country	Indicator 50	Indicator 51	Indicator 52	Indicator 53	Total	total2
1	Bangladesh	2/2 27: "Fines, etc. (1) With reference to the disposal of any complaint or otherwise, if the Information Commission has reasons to believe that an officer- in-charge (a) has refused to receive any request for information or an appeal without assigning any reasons; (b) has failed to provide information to the applicant or to make decision within the time-limit determined by the Act; (c) has refused to receive a request or an appeal with mala fide intention; (d) has provided wrong, incomplete, confusing and distorted information in place of the information that was sought for; (e) has created impediments in receiving information; then, the Information Commission may impose fine for per day 50 (fifty) taka from the date of doing such action by the officer-in- charge to the date of providing information, and such fine shall not, in any way, exceed more than 5000 (five thousand) taka. (2) The Information Commission shall, before imposing any fine under sub- section(1), give the officer-in-charge an opportunity of hearing. (3) If the Information Commission is satisfied that the officer-in-charge has created impediments in getting information of any citizen by any act under sub-section (1), than, it may, in addition to imposing fine under sub-section (2), recommend the concerned authority to take departmental action against the officer, treating his such act to be a misconduct, and may request the authority to inform the Information Commission about the action taken last in respect of this matter. (4) If any fine or compensation payable under this Act is not paid, it may be recoverable from the concerned officer through such procedures as are applicable for the recovery of a land revenue in accordance with the provisions of Public Demands Recovery Act, 1913 (Act IX of 1913)."	2/2 25: "Making of Complaint, disposal, etc.- (1) A person may lodge a complaint to the Information Commission for any of the following reasons namely: (a) if he gets no information under sub-section (1) of section 13; (b) if he is aggrieved by the decision on his appeal under section 24; (c) if he gets no information within the time-limit mentioned in section 24 or, as the case may be, gets no decision about providing information. (2) A complaint may be lodged to the Information Commission at any time in respect of any matter mentioned in clause (a) of sub-section (1), and within 30 (thirty) days from the date of such decision or, as the case may be, the date of exceeding the time-limit in respect of any matter mentioned in clause (b) and (c) of sub-section (1). (3) If the Information Commission is satisfied that the complainant, for any reasonable cause, fails to lodge a complaint within the time limit as mentioned in sub-section (2), it may accept the appeal even after the expiry of that time. (4) If the Information Commission is satisfied upon an complaint or other wise that any authority or, as the case may be, any officer-in-charge has failed to do an act or has done an act that was not necessary to do in accordance with the provisions of this Act, it may take action against such authority or, as the case may be, such officer-in-charge under this section. (5) On receipt of a complaint under sub-section (1) or if it is required to take an action under sub-section (4), the Chief Information Commissioner himself shall enquire into the complaint or delegate the duty to any other information Commissioner to enquire into the same. (6) The Chief Information Commission or, as case may be, the Information Commissioner, within 30 (thirty) days from the date of taking or receiving duty under sub-section (5), shall, after completing the enquiry into the complaint, prepare a decision-paper for the Information Commission. (7) The decision-paper mentioned in sub-section (6) shall be presented in the next meeting of the Information Commission, and it shall, on discussion in the meeting, take decision regarding the matter. (8) During the enquiry into any complaint under this section, the authority or, as the case may be, the officer-in-charge against whose decision the complaint is lodged, shall be given an opportunity to present arguments in support of his decision. (9) If a third party is involved in the complaint, the Commission shall also give such third party an opportunity to present his statements. (10) The Information Commission shall, in general, dispose of any complaint made under sub-section (1) with in 45 (forty five) days of receiving such complaint, but, in special cases, if it requires extended time to complete the enquiry and depositions of the witnesses, the complaint may be disposed of within such extended time: Provide that the time limit of disposing of a complaint shall not, in any way exceed more than 75 (seventy five) days inclusive of extended time. (11) At the time of taking decision under this section, the Information Commission shall have the following powers namely: (a) to direct the authority or, as the case may be, the officer-in-charge to take the following steps which are necessary to take under the provisions of this Act, namely: (i) to provide the requested information in a specific manner; (ii) to appoint an officer-in-charge; (iii) to publish any special information or special class of information; (iv) to being changes in the procedures to be followed by the authority in respect of preservation, management or publication of information; (v) to impart better training on right to information to the officers of the authority; (vi) to give compensation for any loss or damage; (b) to impose fines under this Act; (c) to keep the decision of the authority in force; (d) to reject any complaint; (e) to classify the information newly by the authority; (f) to interpret any matters relating to the nature, classification, preservation, publication, supply of information in the light of this Act. (12) Any decision passed under this section by the Information Commission shall be binding upon all concerned. (13) The Information Commission shall inform its decision to all concerned in writing. (14) The Information Commission shall take other steps in disposing of a complaint in such manner as may be prescribed by regulations." 27: "Fines, etc. (1) With reference to the disposal of any complaint or otherwise, if the Information Commission has reasons to believe that an officer- in-charge (a) has refused to receive any request for information or an appeal without assigning any reasons; (b) has failed to provide information to the applicant or to make decision within the time-limit determined by the Act; (c) has refused to receive a request or an appeal with mala fide intention; (d) has provided wrong, incomplete, confusing and distorted information in place of the information that was sought for; (e) has created impediments in receiving information; then, the Information Commission may impose fine for per day 50 (fifty) taka from the date of doing such action by the officer-in- charge to the date of providing information, and such fine shall not, in any way, exceed more than 5000 (five thousand) taka. (2) The Information Commission shall, before imposing any fine under sub- section(1), give the officer-in-charge an opportunity of hearing. (3) If the Information Commission is satisfied that the officer-in-charge has created impediments in getting information of any citizen by any act under sub- section (1), than, it may, in addition to imposing fine under sub-section (2), recommend the concerned authority to take departmental action against the officer, treating his such act to be a misconduct, and may request the authority to inform the Information Commission about the action taken last in respect of this matter. (4) If any fine or compensation payable under this Act is not paid, it may be recoverable from the concerned officer through such procedures as are applicable for the recovery of a land revenue in accordance with the provisions of Public Demands Recovery Act, 1913 (Act IX of 1913)."	2/2 31: "Protection of action taken in good faith.- No, suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against the Information Commission, the Chief Information Commissioner, the Information Commissioners or any officers or employee of the Information Commission, or officer-in-charge of any authority or any other officer or employee there of it any body is affected by any information made public or deemed to be made public in good faith under this Act, or rules or regulations made there under."	2/2 N/A	8/8	8
2	Saint Kitts and Nevis	2/2 37(d); 50	2/2 43(3)(d); 44(2)(f)	2/2 41; 49	2/2 48	8/8	8
3	South Sudan	2/2 52(1)	2/2	2/2 44(3) and (4).	2/2 51	8/8	8
4	Gambia	2/2 76(1) A person who with intent to deny a right of access to information under this Act - (a) destroys, damages or alters information; (b) conceals information; (c) falsifies information or makes a false record; (d) obstructs the performance by an information holder of a duty under this Act; (e) interferes with or obstructs the work of the Commission; or (f) directs, proposes, counsels or causes any person in any manner to do any of the above, commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not less than fifty thousand dalasis and not more than five hundred thousand dalasis or imprisonment of not less than six months and not more than one year.	2/2 54(2) The Commission shall at its own discretion and power- (c) make any determination it considers just and equitable including issuing recommendation, imposing such fines or penalties in matters before it as it considers appropriate; (e) authorise or undertake any action it deems necessary or appropriate for the execution of its mandate under this Act; 66(1) In the event of non-compliance by an information holder with any of the obligations under this Part, the Commission may issue a notice specifying a timeframe for compliance with the obligation and any further directives as the Commission considers necessary or appropriate. (2) If the information holder fails to comply with a notice issued by the Commission under sub-section (1), the Commission may impose such penalty as it considers necessary or appropriate. 73(1) The Commission may issue binding orders or recommendations on any matter before it, including - (d) requiring the information holder to take such steps as may be necessary to secure compliance with its obligations under the Act;	2/2 4(3) An information holder or information officer shall not be liable for releasing information in good faith and in accordance with this Act. 53(1) The Executive Secretary, the staff and members of the commission shall not be subject to any criminal or civil proceedings or be personally liable for any act done or omitted to be done in good faith in the performance of their functions. (2) A staff who discloses wrongdoing within the Commission may not be subject to any punishment in the course of their employment by reason of the disclosure.	1/2 4(3) An information holder or information officer shall not be liable for releasing information in good faith and in accordance with this Act. 53(1) The Executive Secretary, the staff and members of the commission shall not be subject to any criminal or civil proceedings or be personally liable for any act done or omitted to be done in good faith in the performance of their functions. (2) A staff who discloses wrongdoing within the Commission may not be subject to any punishment in the course of their employment by reason of the disclosure. 68(3) Any staff member of an information holder, who wishes to report wrongdoing under this Act, may contact the Commission without exhausting any applicable internal procedures.	7/8	7
5	Ghana	2/2 43(2) The Commission shall have the power to (c) make any determination as the Commission considers just and equitable including issuing recommendations or penalties in matters before the Commission; 81 A person who wilfully discloses information which is exempt from disclosure under this Act commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of not less than two hundred and fifty penalty units and not more than five hundred penalty units or to a term of imprisonment of not less than six months and not more than three years or to both. 82(1) A failure or neglect by an information officer or other public officer to perform a function authorised by this Act where the occasion arises to perform that function constitutes a gross misconduct. (2) A person who (a) seeks or gains access to the personal record of another person under false pretences. (b) wilfully makes a false statement (i) to mislead any other person in order to gain access, or (ii) to gain access to information, or (c) with intent to deny right to information. (i) destroys, damages, alters or conceals a document, or (ii) makes a false entry in a document, commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of not less than two hundred and fifty penalty units and not more than five hundred penalty units or to a term of imprisonment of not less than one year and not more than three years or to both the fine and the term of imprisonment.	2/2 43(2) The Commission shall have the power to (c) make any determination as the Commission considers just and equitable including issuing recommendations or penalties in matters before the Commission; 71(2) A decision of the Commission may include (f) imposition of an administrative penalty against the public institution or relevant private body where the public institution or relevant private body fails to comply with an obligation under this Act;	1/2 17(2) A person who discloses information or authorises the disclosure of information under this section is not liable in criminal or civil proceedings for the disclosure or authorisation of the disclosure of information under this section. 74(1) An information officer is not liable to any action, claim, suit or demand whether criminal or civil for an omission or action taken by that information officer who. in the course of duty provides information to an applicant or in compliance with the provisions of this Act. (2) The giving of information under this Act or the making of a decision to give information does not constitute, for the purposes of the law relating to defamation or breach of confidence, an authorisation or approval of the publication of the information by the person to whom information is given.	2/2 67(4) A staff member or a public institution or a relevant private body, who wishes to report a wrongdoing under this Act, may contact the Commission without exhausting any applicable internal procedures.	7/8	7
6	Liberia	2/2 7.1: "Fines for violations: The person deemed responsible for a public authority or private entity to violate this act will be subject to a fine not less than L$5,000 and not greater than L$10,000.00 in addition to reimbursement of any reasonable attorney costs incurred by the successful applicant."	2/2 7.1: "Fines for violations: The person deemed responsible for a public authority or private entity to violate this act will be subject to a fine not less than L$5,000 and not greater than L$10,000.00 in addition to reimbursement of any reasonable attorney costs incurred by the successful applicant." 7.2: "Dismissal: A public servant who without authorization and any legal basis wrongfully denies an applicant access to information or otherwise violate a person's right of access shall be subject to a fine of not less than L$5,000 and not greater than L$10,000 plus a formal reprimand for the first wrongful conduct. The person shall be suspended for two months without pay for the second offense, and immediate dismissal for the third time of violation." 7.3: "When Civil Sanctions may be imposed: The fines established in Section 7.1 and the personnel actions provided for in Section 7.2 hereof may be imposed by an authority or entity or the Independent Information Commissioner at the end of an internal review or a hearing consistent with due process." 7.4: "Criminal Sanction for Willful Destruction of Records: It shall be a criminal offence punishable on conviction with a maximum of two (2) years imprisonment for willfully destroying or altering records after that have are the subject of a request for information."	2/2 7.5: "Protection from civil and criminal liability: Any person who discloses information or grant access to information in good-faith reliance on the provision of this Act shall be protected from any and all civil and criminal liabilities, even if it is later determined that the information was in fact exempted. Similar protection shall be accorded all persons that receive information pursuant to this Act."	1/2 7.5: "Protection from civil and criminal liability: Any person who discloses information or grant access to information in good-faith reliance on the provision of this Act shall be protected from any and all civil and criminal liabilities, even if it is later determined that the information was in fact exempted. Similar protection shall be accorded all persons that receive information pursuant to this Act."	7/8	7
7	Maldives	2/2 36(e) Where the Information Officer sought assistance from any employee in the State Institute in accordance with subsection (d) of this Act, such assistance must be provided. And where a breach of this Act had taken place for the purpose of the investigation, such employee shall be deemed as the same as an Information Officer. 61(a) Having examined a lodged appeal or complaint under this Act, the Information Commissioner, can settled the matter in the following ways: (9) To fine any Information Officer who has breached provisions of this Act; (10) To fine any party who breached a lawful order given by the Information Commissioner; (11) To order a State Institute to take disciplinary measures against an Information Officer, of that State Institute, repeatedly breaching provisions prescribed in this Act. (12) To order the police to investigate any case of any person alleged to have committed an offence prescribed under this Act, and where, after the police investigation, the Information Commissioner finds legal action should be brought against the person, to send the case to the Prosecutor General. 67(a) Where the Information Officer commits any of the following, the Information Commissioner must impose a fine on him, of not more than 5000 (five thousand) Rufiyaa. (1) Refusal to accept a request for access to information without justifiable reason; (2) Refusal to provide access to information, without justifiable reason, within the time limits prescribed in this Act; (3) Refusal to provide information with bad intent; (4) providing incomplete or misleading or incorrect information. (b) The Information Commissioner must order a State Institute to take disciplinary measures against an Information Officer as having repeatedly breached provisions prescribed in this Act. (c) Where any person commits any of the following, the Information Commissioner has the power to charge a fine of not more than MFR 25,000 (twenty-five thousand). (1) Where the State Institute or the Information Officer obstructs duties to be carried out under this Act; (2) Obstruction of the duties to be carried out by the Information Commissioner under this Act; (3) Destroying information subject to a request of access under this Act, with bad intention; (4) Misappropriation or tempering with information held at a State Institute contrary to the decided procedure.	1/2 67(c) Where any person commits any of the following, the Information Commissioner has the power to charge a fine of not more than MFR 25,000 (twenty-five thousand). (1) Where the State Institute or the Information Officer obstructs duties to be carried out under this Act; (2) Obstruction of the duties to be carried out by the Information Commissioner under this Act; (3) Destroying information subject to a request of access under this Act, with bad intention; (4) Misappropriation or tempering with information held at a State Institute contrary to the decided procedure.	2/2 66(a) The Information Commissioner or any staff of the Information Commissioner’s Office shall not be subject to any civil or criminal measure, for any action or omitting to act in good faith, in undertaking the responsibilities of the official duties, in accordance with the vested power or while performing upon this Act or by a power granted within any other Act. (d) No action for defamation or breach of duty of confidentiality may lie against a person in a State Institute who in processing a request to access information under this Act, who believes, in good faith that access may duly be granted to such information under the Act. (e) No offense may lie against a person or an assistant, in a State Institute who decided to provide a request to access information under this Act, believing in good intention that access may duly be granted to such information under the Act. (f) Where an act or undertaking of a State Institute was found to be conducted in good intention, in order to administer the provisions of this Act, the person who acted as such will not carry any personal liability for his actions.	2/2 66(b) A person, having gained information of a wrongdoing, may not be subject to any disciplinary measures or punishment, regardless of any breach of a legal, administrative or employment obligation on his part, for releasing information on the wrongdoing. This is subject to him having acted in good faith to disclose the wrongdoing, and without having any other interest in the matter. (c) A person may not be subject to any civil or criminal measure or subject to punishment, for releasing information on an illegal act or an offense, or an act of corruption, or information regarding the potential to commit such an act, or place of such an act by a party.	7/8	7
8	Nigeria	2/2 10 It is a criminal offence punishable on conviction by the Court with a minimum of 1 year imprisonment for any officer or head of any government or public institution to which this Act applies to willfully destroy any records kept in his custody or attempt to doctor or otherwise alter same before they are released to any person, entity or community applying for it. 7 (1) Where the government or public institution refuses to give access to a record or information applied for under this Act, or a part thereof, the institution shall state in the notice given to the applicant the grounds for the refusal, the specific provision of this Act that it relates to and that the applicant has a right to challenge the decision refusing access and have it reviewed by a Court. (2) A notification of denial of any application for information or records shall state the names, designation and signature, of each person responsible for the denial of such application. (3) The government or public institution shall be required to indicate under subsection (1) of this Section whether the information or record exists. (4) Where the government or public institution fails to give access to information or record applied for under this Act or part thereof within the time limit set out in this Act, the institution shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to have refused to give access. (5) Where a case of wrongful denial of access is established, the defaulting officer or institution commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine of N500, 000.	1/2 7(5) Where a case of wrongful denial of access is established, the defaulting officer or institution commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine of N500,000.	2/2 27(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Criminal Code, Penal Code, the Official Secrets Act, or any other enactment, no civil or criminal proceedings shall lie against an officer of any public institution, or against any person acting on behalf of a public institution, and no proceedings shall lie against such persons thereof, for the disclosure in good faith of any information, or any part thereof pursuant to this Act, for any consequences that flow from that disclosure, or for the failure to give any notice required under this Act, if care is taken to give the required notice.	2/2 27(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Criminal Code, Penal Code, the Official Secrets Act, or any other enactment, no civil or criminal proceedings shall lie against an officer of any public institution, or against any person acting on behalf of a public institution, and no proceedings shall lie against such persons thereof, for the disclosure in good faith of any information, or any part thereof pursuant to this Act, for any consequences that flow from that disclosure, or for the failure to give any notice required under this Act, if care is taken to give the required notice.	7/8	7
9	Serbia	2/2 Article 44. "The public authority shall be held liable for damages caused by the inability of a media outlet to publish information because a public authority had without justification denied or limited its rights to access information of public importance from Article 5 of this Law, i.e. because a public authority gave preference to a journalist or media outlet in contravention of provisions of Article 7 of this Law." Article 46: "A fine between 5,000 and 50,000 dinars shall be imposed upon the authorized person in a public authority if the public authority: 1. Acts in contravention of the principle of equality (Article 6); 2. Discriminates against a journalist or a media outlet (Article 7); 3. Fails to specify the information medium, where and when the requested information was published (Para 2 of Article 10); 4. Fails to communicate accurate and complete information, i.e. fails to allow insight in a document containing accurate and complete information. (Article 11); 5. Fails to allow the applicant insight in a document or to make a copy of the document in the language in which the request was submitted (Para 4 of Article 18); 6. Refuses to receive a request, fails to inform the applicant of possessing the information, or fails to allow insight in a document containing the requested information, i.e. does not deliver a copy of the document in an appropriate way, fails to issue a decision on rejecting the request and refuses to provide the applicants with the necessary assistance for exercising their rights (Sub-Para 1 of Para 2 of Article 38)."	2/2 Article 22: "An applicant may file a complaint with the Commissioner if: 1) the authority rejects the request of the applicant, within 15 days from the day when the decision or other act was delivered to him; 2) a public authority contrary to Article 16 para 1 to 3 of this Law, does not respond within the prescribed period to the request of the applicant; 3) the authority, contrary to Article 17, paragraph 2 of this Law, conditions the issuance of a copy of the document containing the requested information by payment of a fee exceeding the amount of the necessary costs of making that copy; 4) the authority fails to make available a document containing the requested information in the manner provided for in Article 18, paragraph 1 of this Law; 5) the authority does not make available the document containing the requested information ie does not issue a copy of the document in the manner provided in Article 18, paragraph 4 of this Law, or 6) the authority otherwise hinders or prevents the applicant from exercising the right to free access to information of public importance contrary to the provisions of this Law."	1/2 Article 32. Paragraph 4: "A Commissioner may not be held liable for any opinion he has expressed or any proposal he has made in the exercise of his authority, and may not be held liable for any criminal act committed in the exercise of his authority without the approval of the National Assembly"	2/2 N/A	7/8	7
10	Sierra Leone	2/2 32(8)(d) causes an obstruction or disturbance in the course of any proceedings before the Commission, commits an offence and is liable on conviction in the case of an individual to a fine not exceeding ten million Leones or in the case of a corporate body to a fine not exceeding one hundred million leones or a term of imprisonment not exceeding one year or to both the fine and imprisonment. 47. Any person who wilfully (a) denies or obstructs the access of any other person to any record or information contrary to this Act; (b) obstructs compliance by a public authority of any of its obligations under this Act; (c) interferes with the work of the Commission or other officer of the Commission; (d) destroys a record with intent to deny access to a request made under this Act; or (e) deliberately conceals or falsifies records or provides false, misleading, incomplete or inaccurate information in response to a request made under this Act, commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding ten million Leones in the case of an individual and one hundred million leones in the case of a body corporate or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding one year to both the fine and imprisonment. 48. (1) Any person who without reasonable excuse, fails to supply information requested under this Act, within the period specified in this Act, commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding ten million Leones in the case of an individual and one hundred million leones in the case of a body corporate or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding six months or to both the fine and imprisonment. (2) Any person who without reasonable excuse, refuses to accept an application for information requested under this Act, commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding ten million Leones in the case of an individual and one hundred million leones in the case of a body corporate or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding six months or to both the fine and imprisonment.	2/2 45. (1) The Commission shall, on the receipt of an application for review under section 43, as soon as is reasonably possible, and in any case not later than fifteen days after giving both the complainant and the relevant public authority an opportunity to respond in writing, make an order (a) rejecting the application; or (b) requiring the public authority to take such steps as may be necessary to bring it into compliance with its obligations under this Act, including (i) providing access to information; (ii) providing access to information in a particular form; (iii) requiring a public or private body to compensate the complainant for any loss or other detriment suffered; or (iv) imposing a fine on the public authority.	1/2 36. No criminal or civil proceedings shall lie against the Commission or other staff in respect of any matter or thing done in good faith in the performance of its or their functions under this Act.	2/2 50. (1) No person shall be penalized in relation to any employment, profession, voluntary work, contract, membership of protection. an organization, the holding of any office or in any other way, as a result of having made or proposed to make a disclosure of information which the person obtained in confidence in the course of that activity if the disclosure is one which is in the public interest. (2) Subject to subsection (3), subsection (1) shall only apply where the person believes on reasonable grounds that the information is accurate.	7/8	7
11	United Kingdom	2/2 Section 77.	2/2 Section 48 and 52.	1/2 Section 79: "Where any information communicated by a public authority to a person ("the applicant") under section 1 was supplied to the public authority by a third person, the publication to the applicant of any defamatory matter contained in the information shall be privileged unless the publication is shown to have been made with malice."	2/2 Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998.	7/8	7
12	Afghanistan	2/2 35(1) The followings are recognized as violation of this law: 1-Providing such information to the applicant that does not conform to the contents of information request form. 2-Refusal of information to the applicant without justified reasons. 3-Providing such information to the Commission that is contrary to reality. 4-Destroying documents without lawful authority. 5-Not providing requested information within the allocated timeframe. 6-Not observing decisions and procedures of the Commission. 7-Lack of reporting by the Public Information Officer to the Commission within the specified timeframe. (2) In case any violation mentioned in article 26(1) is proved, the Commission shall decide on one of the following punishments considering the circumstances: 1-Admonition; 2-Written warning; 3-Decide to deduct a portion of the salary of the offending officer and advise the relevant institution to take action in accordance with the laws; 4-In case of repetition of the violation, decide the transfer of the officer and advise the relevant institution to take action. (3) In cases of violations mentioned in Clause (1) of this article, which results in material and moral damage to the natural and legal persons should be compensated in accordance with the laws. (4) Institutions shall implement the correctional measures taken by the Commission and report to the Commission about its implementation.	0/2 N/A	2/2 36. An individual who discloses information in good faith, if proved so, shall have appropriate legal, administrative and job protection and shall receive necessary support in accordance with the laws.	2/2 7. Institutions shall protect individuals who disclose information related to corruption, mismanagement, failure to provide justice, criminal violation, breach of law, violation of human rights, and serious damage to the safety of the public and the environment.	6/8	6
13	Albania	2/2 18(2) The actions and inactions, in accordance with this Law to the extend they do not constitute a criminal offence, are considered administrative offenses and are fined as follows: (p) damage or destruction of official documents, in order to avoid the right to the freedom of information, is punishable by 150 000 to 300.000 ALL; (q) non-disclosure of official documents, contrary to the rules in force, with the intention to obstruct the right to information is punishable by 150 000 to 300 000 ALL.	1/2 18(2)(q) non-disclosure of official documents, contrary to the rules in force, with the intention to obstruct the right to information is punishable by 150 000 to 300 000 ALL.	2/2 Art. 44 of the Civil Servants Law: Civil servants have a duty to perform their functions in the civil service with transparency and to provide access to the general public and the parties to any necessary information, with the exception of information classified as a state secret pursuant to the law.	1/2 Law 60/2016 on protection of corruption whistleblowers. Official Journal 115-2016, pp. 8218 et seq: http://www.qbz.gov.al/botime/fletore_zyrtare/2016/PDF-2016/115-2016.pd	6/8	6
14	Armenia	2/2 14(1) For illegal refusal to provide information, or for the incomplete information disposal, as well as for other infringements of the information freedom defined by this Law, the official persons responsible for information freedom are held responsible according to the Law. Article 26(5) of HRD Law In the case referred to in point 1 of paragraph 1 of this Article, where there are grounds provided for by law or another legal act, the Defender may recommend the competent state or local self- government body to subject to liability the official upon whose decision or action (inaction) the human rights and freedoms have been violated. In addition to the fact of subjecting to liability, the Defender may propose a type of disciplinary measure. Competent state or local self-government body or public officials shall be obliged to consider recommendations of the Defender and within deadline prescribed by paragraph 4 of Article 26 of this law to inform the Defender. In case a type of disciplinary measure proposed by the Defender is not applied or in case of not subjecting the person to disciplinary responsibility the competent public official shall be obliged to provide respective justification. In case of revealing violation of human rights and freedoms by an organisation, where there are grounds provided for by law or another legal act, the Defender shall apply to competent administrative bodies with a relevant recommendation to subject to liability.	1/2 Article 189, Section 7 of the Code of Administrative Violations.	1/2 14(2) In the cases foreseen by the 3rd clause of the Article 8 of the following law, the disclosure of information can not cause administrative or criminal responsibility.	2/2 2017 Whistleblower Law	6/8	6
15	Bahamas	2/2 Section 35(d) In addition to any other powers and responsibilities provided for in this Act the Commissioner shall (d) refer to the appropriate authorities cases where it appears that a criminal offence has been committed. Section 40(4) In his decision pursuant to subsection (1), the Commissioner may- (c) in cases of egregiuos or wilful failure to comply with an obligation under this Act, refer the matter to the appropriate disciplinary authority. Section 54. Offences. (1) A person commits an offence, if in relation to a record to which a right of access is conferred under this Act, he— (a) alters or defaces; (b) blocks or erases; (c) destroys; or (d) conceals, the record with the intention of preventing its disclosure. (2) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is liable on summary conviction to a fine of ten thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to both such fine and imprisonment.	0/2 N/A	2/2 Section 38. Exemption from liability. (1) Neither the Commissioner, the staff of his Office nor Information Managers shall be liable in damages for anything done or omitted in the discharge of their respective functions under this Act unless it is shown that the act or omission was in bad faith. (2) For the purposes of the law of libel or slander, anything said or any record supplied pursuant to an investigation under this Act is privileged, unless that record is shown to have been said or supplied maliciously. Section 52(2) Where access to a record referred to in subsection (1) is granted in the bona fide belief that the grant of such access is required by this Act, no action for defamation, breach of confidence or breach of intellectual property rights shall lie against - (a) the government, a pubic authority, minister or public officer involved in the grant of such access, by reason of the grant of access or of any re-publication of that record Section 54(3)Where access to a record is granted in accordance with this Act, the person who authorizes such access and any other person concerned in the granting thereof shall not, by reason only of so doing, be guilty of a criminal offence.	2/2 Section 47. Whistle-blower. (1) No person may be subject to any legal, administrative or employment related sanction, regardless of any breach of a legal or employment related obligation, for releasing information on wrongdoing, or that which would disclose a serious threat to health, safety or the environment, as long as he acted in good faith and in the reasonable belief that the information was substantially true and disclosed evidence of wrong-doing or a serious threat to health, safety or the environment. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), “wrongdoing” includes but is not limited to— (a) the commission of a criminal offence; (b) failure to comply with a legal obligation; (c) miscarriage of justice; or (d) corruption, dishonesty, or serious maladministration.	6/8	6
16	Canada	2/2 67 (1) No person shall obstruct the Information Commissioner or any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner in the performance of the Commissioner's duties and functions under this Act. (2) Every person who contravenes this section is guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars. 67.1 (1) No person shall, with intent to deny a right of access under this Part, (a) destroy, mutilate or alter a record; (b) falsify a record or make a false record; (c) conceal a record; or (d) direct, propose, counsel or cause any person in any manner to do anything mentioned in any of paragraphs (a) to (c).	0/2 N/A	2/2 66 (1) No criminal or civil proceedings lie against the Information Commissioner, or against any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner, for anything done, reported or said in good faith in the course of the exercise or performance or purported exercise or performance of any power, duty or function of the Commissioner under this Part.	2/2 See comments.	6/8	6
17	Ethiopia	1/2 39(4) Any person who with intent to deny a right of access to information in terms of this section; a) destroys, damages or alters a record; b) conceals a record; c) falsifies a record or makes a false record; commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years.	1/2 33(3) The ombudsman shall have the power to reject any appeal, or to order any public body to provide the requested information or to take such other action as is appropriate to ensure that the public body meets its obligations under this Proclamation.	2/2 39(1) No person is criminally or civilly liable for for anything done in good faith in the exercise or performance of any power or duty under this part of the proclamation.	2/2 39(2) No one may be subject to any legal, administrative or employment-related sanction, regardless of any breach of a legal or employment obligation, for releasing information on wrongdoing, or which would disclose a serious threat to health, safety or the environment, as long as he acted in good faith and in the reasonable belief that the information was substantially true and disclosed evidence of wrongdoing or a serious threat to health, safety or the environment. 39(3) For purposes of sub-article (2), wrongdoing means the commission of a criminal offence, failure to comply with a legal obligation, a miscarriage of justice, corruption or dishonesty, abuse of power or serious misconduct, whether linked to individual wrongdoing or not.	6/8	6
18	Ireland	2/2 Article 52. Where an FOI request has been made in respect of a record, a person who without lawful excuse and with intention to deceive destroys or materially alters a record shall be guilty of an offence and be liable on summary conviction to a class B fine.	0/2 Article 44(2) The Commissioner may at any time carry out an investigation into the practices and procedures adopted by FOI bodies or any particular FOI body or FOI bodies for the purposes of enabling persons to exercise the rights conferred by this Act and facilitating such exercise.	2/2 Article 49(4) Civil or criminal proceedings shall not lie in any court against the Commissioner or a member of the staff of the Commissioner in respect of anything said or done in good faith by the Commissioner or member in the course of the performance or purported performance of a function of the Commissioner or member.	2/2 N/A	6/8	6
19	Kenya	2/2 Article 18(1) Where an application to access information has been made to a public entity under section 8 and the applicant would have been entitled, subject to payment of any fee, to provision of any information in accordance with that section, any person to whom this section applies commits an offence if he alters, defaces, blocks, erases, destroys or conceals any record held by the public entity, with the intention of preventing the disclosure by that entity of all, or any part, of the information provision of which the applicant would have been entitled. (2) Subsection (1) applies to the public entity and to any person who, is employed by, is an officer of, or is subject to the direction of, the public entity. (3) A person convicted of an offence under subsection (1) shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or to both. [...] Article 28(3) An information access officer who - (a) refuses to assist a requester who is unable to write to reduce the oral request to writing in the prescribed form and provide a copy to the applicant in accordance with section 8(2); (b) refuses to accept a request for information; (c) fails to respond to a request for information within the prescribed time; or (d) fails to comply with the duty to take reasonable steps to make information available in a form that is capable of being read, viewed or heard by a requester with disability in accordance with section 11(3), commits an offence and is liable, on conviction, to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand shillings, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, or both. (4) Any person who - (a) charges a fee exceeding the actual costs of making copies of such information and supplying them to the applicant; (b) fails to respond to a request for information required for the exercise or protection of a right in accordance with the requirements of this Act; (c) fails to respond to a request to correct personal information; or (d) it having been ascertained that information held is out of date, inaccurate or incomplete, fails within the prescribed time, or within a reasonable time if no time is prescribed, to correct, destroy or delete the information, or to attach a statement to the information in accordance with section 13, commits an offence and is liable, on conviction, to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand shillings, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or both. (5) Any person who is convicted of an offence under section 18(3) after a request has been made for disclosure of the information in question, with the intention of preventing the disclosure of that information in response to that request is liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or to both. (6) Any relevant private body that fails to make publicly available the name and contact details of its information access officer or officers commits and offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred thousand shillings. (7) Any relevant private body that is convicted, or any officer of which is convicted of an offence under this Act, or which, although not convicted is in serious breach of this Act may, after a fair hearing, be debarred from entering into any future contract with government under the laws relating to matters of procurement and disposal.	0/2 N/A	2/2 Article 19. Where any information provided by a public entity or private body to an applicant under section 11 was supplied to the public entity or private body by a third person, the publication to the applicant of any defamatory matter contained in the information shall be privileged unless the publication is shown to have been made with malice. [...] Article 28(1) Any person who knowingly discloses exempt information in contravention of this Act commits an offence and is liable, on conviction, to a fine not exceeding one million shillings, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or both. [...] (9) A person shall not be criminally liable for the disclosure or authorisation of the disclosure made in good faith in reliance on this Act. [Commission on Administrative Justice Act, 2011] Article 25. No matter or thing done by a member of the Commission or any officer, employee or agent of the Commission shall, if the matter or thing is done in good faith while executing the functions, powers or duties of the Commission, render the member, officer, employee or agent personally liable for any action, claim or demand whatsoever.	2/2 Article 16(1) A person shall not be penalized in relation to any employment, profession, voluntary work, contract, membership of an organization, the holding of an office or in any other way, as a result of having made or proposed to make a disclosure of information which the person obtained in confidence in the course of that activity, if the disclosure is of public interest. (2) For purposes of subsection (1), a disclosure which is made to a law enforcement agency or to an appropriate public entity shall be deemed to be made in the public interest. (3) A person shall make a disclosure under subsection (1) or (2) where such person has reasonable belief in the veracity of the information. (4) Any person who provides false information maliciously intended to injure another person commits an offence and is liable, on conviction, to a fine not exceeding five hundred thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or to both. (5) Disclosure of information under subsection (1) and (2) includes information on - (a) violations of the law, including human rights violations; (b) mismanagement of funds; (c) conflict of interest; (d) corruption; (e) abuse of public office; and (f) dangers of public health, safety and the environment. (6) For the purpose of this section, a person is penalized if the person is dismissed, discriminated against, made the subject of reprisal or other form of adverse treatment or is denied any appointment, promotion or advantage that otherwise would have been provided or any other personnel action provided under the law relating to whistle blower, and the imposition of any such penalty in contravention of this section shall be actionable as a tort. (7) Any term of any settlement arising from a claim under this section, insofar as it purports to impose an obligation of confidentiality on any party to the settlement in respect of information which is accurate and which was or was proposed to be disclosed, shall be unenforceable. (8) In any proceedings for an offence for contravention of any statutory prohibition or restriction on the disclosure of information, it shall be a defence to show that - (a) in the circumstances, the disclosure was in the public interest; and (b) where the offence is alleged to have been committed by a public officer or Government contractor and involves the disclosure of information obtained by the person in the person's position as such, the defendant had, before making the disclosure, complied with the provisions of subsection (3).	6/8	6
20	Kosovo	2/2 32(1) The Agency is competent to impose fines against public institutions and responsible officers, in accordance with the provisions of this Law. (2) The financial means collected from the imposition of fines under Article 33 of this Law shall be deposited to the budget of the Republic of Kosovo. (3) Prior to imposing any of the fines provided under Article 33 of this Law, the Agency shall inform the public institution of the purpose and the reason for imposing the fine and shall provide a time limit of not less than seven (7) days to remedy the identified violation, so that the fine is not imposed. (4) In the procedure for imposing fines under this Law, the Agency shall act in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law governing the procedure for imposing fines by the Agency. (5) In case the public institution does not improve the identified violation according to the instructions of the Agency, the latter shall make a decision to impose the fine. 33(2) The institution or the responsible official of the competent public institution that allows the damaging, destruction, concealing, or in any way or form makes the public document unclear, with the purpose of disallowing the realization of the right of access to the public documents by the interested applicant shall be penalized according to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kosovo.	2/2 28(1) In addition to other duties and responsibilities provided for by this Law and other laws, the Agency has the following duties and responsibilities as well: (1.1) monitor and report in relation to compliance and adherence of this Law by public institutions; (1.2) recommend changes and general and specific reforms addressed to a specific institution, in relation to the right of access to public documents. 32(1) The Agency is competent to impose fines against public institutions and responsible officers, in accordance with the provisions of this Law. (2) The financial means collected from the imposition of fines under Article 33 of this Law shall be deposited to the budget of the Republic of Kosovo. (3) Prior to imposing any of the fines provided under Article 33 of this Law, the Agency shall inform the public institution of the purpose and the reason for imposing the fine and shall provide a time limit of not less than seven (7) days to remedy the identified violation, so that the fine is not imposed. (4) In the procedure for imposing fines under this Law, the Agency shall act in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law governing the procedure for imposing fines by the Agency. (5) In case the public institution does not improve the identified violation according to the instructions of the Agency, the latter shall make a decision to impose the fine. 33(1) The public institution which in contradiction to the provisions of this Law, disables, hinders or restricts the realization of the right of access to public documents, shall be fined from three thousand (3,000) to ten thousand (10,000) euro. (3) The public institution that fails to respond to the request for access to public documents shall be given a fine from one thousand (1,000) to three thousand (3,000) euro.	0/2 N/A	2/2 Law on Protection of Whistleblowers generally. In particular 5(1) Public interest reporting and disclosure is protected if it is related to the following: (1.1) an offence has been, is being or is likely to be committed; (1.2) a person has failed, is failing or is likely to fail to comply with any legal obligation; (1.3) a miscarriage of justice has occurred, is occurring or is likely to occur; (1.4) the health or safety of any individual has been, is being or is likely to be endangered; (1.5) the environment has been, is being or is likely to be damaged; (1.6) a misuse of official duty or authority, public money or resources of a public institution has occurred, is occurring or is likely to occur; (1.7) an act or omission by or on behalf of a public institution is discriminatory, oppressive, grossly negligent or constitutes serious mismanagement; or (1.8) information tending to show any matter falling within any of the preceding subparagraphs has been, is being or is likely to be concealed or destroyed. (2) Reporting or disclosure is presumed to be in public interest unless the contrary is proven. 6(1) Any action or omission aimed at preventing public interest reporting or disclosure is null and void and the responsible official or any other person in respective cases is criminally prosecuted according to criminal provisions into force in Kosovo. Any provision in an agreement is void in so far as it purports to: (2.1) prohibit or restrict the making of public interest reporting or disclosure; (2.2) exclude or limit the operation of any provision of this Law; (2.3) preclude a person from bringing any proceedings under or by virtue of this Law, or; (2.4) preclude a person from bringing any proceedings for breach of contract in respect of anything done in consequence of the making of a reporting or disclosure of information in public interest. 9(1) The whistleblower that reports and discloses information in compliance with the provisions of this Law can not be subject to criminal or civil liability or disciplinary procedures. (2) A whistleblower has the right to protection under this Law in cases when he/she: (2.1) reports or discloses information, as defined in this Law; (2.2) reasonably believes that the information reported or disclosed is true. (3) The whistleblower is not obliged to prove the good faith and authenticity of the whistleblowing information. (4) The protection guaranteed to the whistleblower under this Law should not be prejudiced if the alleged threat or damage to the public interest has not been materialised.	6/8	6
21	Malawi	2/2 51.(1) Any person who willfully conceals, destroys, mutilates, falsifies or otherwise alters a document or record containing information which has been requested with intent to prevent disclosure of the information, commits an offence and shall, on conviction be liable to a fine of three million Kwacha (K3, 000,000.00) and imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years. 52. Any person who provides false information maliciously intended to injure another person commits an offence and is liable, on conviction, to a fine of five hundred thousand Kwacha (K500,000.00) and to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years. 53. Where an information holder wrongfully denies to disclose information either through negligence, recklessness or otherwise under this Act, whether it is in response to a specific request for information or disclosure of information under Part IV, the officer or institution responsible shall be liable to a fine of three million Kwacha (K3,000,000.00). 54. Any person who, having being granted access to information under this Act, uses that information – (a) for unlawful purposes; (b) for reasons other than those for which a request for information was made, without the authority of an information holder; or (c) in such a manner so as to be detrimental to the interests of public officers, information holders or public interest, commits an offence, and shall, on conviction be liable to a fine of three million Kwacha (K3,000,000.00) and imprisonment for three years.	0/2	2/2 10. Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, no civil or criminal proceedings shall lie against any staff of the Commission, or any institution to which this Act applies, or a person acting on their behalf, for the disclosure of any information or for any other act done in good faith pursuant to this Act.	2/2 50. (1) Any person shall not be penalized in relation to any employment, profession, voluntary work, contract, membership of an organization, the holding of an office or in any other way as a result of having made or attempted to make a disclosure of information which the person obtained in confidence in the course of that activity, if the disclosure is of public interest. (2) for purposes of subsection (1), a disclosure which is made to a law enforcement agency or to an appropriate public entity shall be deemed to be made in the public interest. (3) A person shall make a disclosure under subsection (1) where such person has reasonable belief in the veracity of the information. (4) Disclosure of information under subsection (1) includes information on - (a) violations of the law, including human rights violations; (b) mismanagement of funds; (c) conflict of interest; (d) corruption; (e) abuse of public office; and (f) the risks and threats to public health, safety and the environment. (5) For the purpose of this section, a person is penalized if the person is dismissed, discriminated against, made the subject of reprisal or other form of adverse treatment or is denied any appointment, promotion or advantage that otherwise would have been provided but for this action as a whistleblower. (6) Any term of any settlement arising from a claim under this section, insofar as it purports to impose an obligation of confidentiality on any party to the settlement in respect of information which is accurate and which was or was proposed to be disclosed, shall be unenforceable. (7) In any proceedings for an offence for contravention of any statutory prohibition or restriction on the disclosure of information, it shall be a defence to show that - (a) in the circumstances, the disclosure was in the public interest; and (b) where the offence is alleged to have been committed by a public officer or Government contractor and involves the disclosure of information obtained by the person in his position as such, the defendant had, before making the disclosure, complied with the provisions of subsection (3).	6/8	6
22	Nepal	2/2 9(3) While conducting investigation pursuant Sub-Section (2), if it is found that the Information Officer denied to provide information or partially provided the information knowingly or with mala fide intention or provided wrong information, the Chief may take departmental action against such Information Officer. 32. Punishment: (1) If the Commission finds that Chief of public Body or Information Officer has held back information without valid reason, refused to information or provided partial or wrong information or destroyed information; the Commission may impose a fine to such Chief or Information Officer from Rupees One Thousand Rupees to Twenty Five Thousand Rupees and if such Chief or Information Officer is in eligible for departmental action, it may write to the concerned Body for departmental action. (2) If the Chief of a public Body or Information Officer, delay to provide information which has to be provided on time without reason, shall be punished with a fine of Two Hundred Rupees per day so is delayed to provide the information. (3) If the Commission writes to the concerned Body for Departmental action pursuant to Sub-Section (1), the Public Body shall take Departmental action against that Chief or Information Officer within three months and notify the same to the Commission.	1/2 32. Punishment: (1) If the Commission finds that Chief of public Body or Information Officer has held back information without valid reason, refused to information or provided partial or wrong information or destroyed information; the Commission may impose a fine to such Chief or Information Officer from Rupees One Thousand Rupees to Twenty Five Thousand Rupees and if such Chief or Information Officer is in eligible for departmental action, it may write to the concerned Body for departmental action. (2) If the Chief of a public Body or Information Officer, delay to provide information which has to be provided on time without reason, shall be punished with a fine of Two Hundred Rupees per day so is delayed to provide the information. (3) If the Commission writes to the concerned Body for Departmental action pursuant to Sub-Section (1), the Public Body shall take Departmental action against that Chief or Information Officer within three months and notify the same to the Commission. 33. Compensation: (1) If person incur losses and damages due to not providing information, denying to provide information, providing partial or wrong information or destroying the information by the Chief or Information Officer of Public Body, such person may file a petition before the Commission for compensation within three months from the date of not acquiring information, acquiring partial or wrong information or restriction of the information. (2) If the application pursuant to Sub-Section (1) is found reasonable upon the investigation, the Commission may compensate the applicant from the concerned Body with reasonable amount upon considering the actual loses.	1/2 36. Save to Works done with Good Faith: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Act, no case shall be filed and no punishment shall be imposed against the Chief or Information Officer for his/her works regarding the dissemination of information in good faith.	2/2 29. Protection of Whistleblower: (1) It shall be a responsibility of an employee of a Public Body to provide information on any ongoing or probable corruption or irregularities or any deed taken as offence under the prevailing laws. (2) It shall be the duty of the information receiver to make the identity of whistleblower in accordance with Sub-Section (1) confidential. (3) The whistleblower shall not be terminated from his/her post or punished with any legal responsibility or caused any loss or harm for giving information pursuant to Sub-section (1) (4) If any punishment or harm is done to the whistleblower against Sub-Section (3), the whistleblower may complaint, along with demand for compensation, before the commission for revoking such decision. (5) While investigating the complaint pursuant to Sub-Section (4), the Commission may order to revoke the decision of removal from the office if so removed from office and for the compensation if any damages caused to the whistleblower.	6/8	6
23	New Zealand	0/2 N/A	2/2 22 Procedure after investigation (3) If in any case to which this section applies an Ombudsman is of opinion (a) that the matter should be referred to the appropriate authority for further consideration; or (b) that the omission should be rectified; or (c) that the decision should be cancelled or varied; or (d) that any practice on which the decision, recommendation, act, or omission was based should be altered; or (e) that any law on which the decision, recommendation, act, or omission was based should be reconsidered; or (f) that reasons should have been given for the decision; or (g) that any other steps should be taken the Ombudsman shall report his opinion, and his reasons therefor, to the appropriate department or organisation, and may make such recommendations as he thinks fit. In any such case he may request the department or organisation to notify him, within a specified time, of the steps (if any) that it proposes to take to give effect to his recommendations. The Ombudsman shall also, in the case of an investigation relating to a department or organisation named or specified in Parts 1 and 2 of Schedule 1, send a copy of his report or recommendations to the Minister concerned, and, in the case of an investigation relating to an organisation named or specified in Part 3 of Schedule 1, send a copy of his report or recommendations to the mayor or chairperson of the organisation concerned. (...)	2/2 48 Protection against certain actions (1) Where any official information is made available in good faith pursuant to this Act, (a) no proceedings, civil or criminal, shall lie against the Crown or any other person in respect of the making available of that information, or for any consequences that follow from the making available of that information; and (b) no proceedings, civil or criminal, in respect of any publication involved in, or resulting from, the making available of that information shall lie against the author of the information or any other person by reason of that author or other person having supplied the information to a department or Minister of the Crown or organisation. (2) The making available of, or the giving of access to, any official information in consequence of a request made under this Act shall not be taken, for the purposes of the law relating to defamation or breach of confidence or infringement of copyright, to constitute an authorisation or approval of the publication of the document or of its contents by the person to whom the information is made available or the access is given. 26 Proceedings privileged (1) Subject to subsection (2), (a) no proceedings, civil or criminal, shall lie against any Ombudsman, or against any person holding any office or appointment under the Chief Ombudsman, for anything he may do or report or say in the course of the exercise or intended exercise of his functions under this Act or the Official Information Act 1982 or the Local Government Official Information and Meetings Act 1987 or the Protected Disclosures Act 2000, unless it is shown that he acted in bad faith: (b) no Ombudsman, and no such person as aforesaid, shall be called to give evidence in any court, or in any proceedings of a judicial nature, in respect of anything coming to his knowledge in the exercise of his functions under this Act or the Official Information Act 1982 or the Local Government Official Information and Meetings Act 1987 or the Protected Disclosures Act 2000. (2) Nothing in subsection (1) applies in respect of proceedings for (a) an offence against section 78 or section 78A(1) or section 105 or section 105A or section 105B of the Crimes Act 1961; or (b) the offence of conspiring to commit an offence against section 78 or section 78A(1) or section 105 or section 105A or section 105B of the Crimes Act 1961; or (c) the offence of attempting to commit an offence against section 78 or section 78A(1) or section 105 or section 105A or section 105B of the Crimes Act 1961. (3) Anything said or any information supplied or any document, paper, or thing produced by any person in the course of any inquiry by or proceedings before an Ombudsman under this Act or the Official Information Act 1982 or the Local Government Official Information and Meetings Act 1987 or the Protected Disclosures Act 2000 shall be privileged in the same manner as if the inquiry or proceedings were proceedings in a court. (4) For the purposes of clause 3 of Part 2 of Schedule 1 of the Defamation Act 1992, any report made by an Ombudsman under this Act, or under the Official Information Act 1982, or under the Local Government Official Information and Meetings Act 1987, or under the Protected Disclosures Act 2000, shall be deemed to be an official report made by a person holding an inquiry under the authority of the Parliament of New Zealand.	2/2 N/A	6/8	6
24	Niger	2/2 32: Toute autorité administrative, tout agent d’un service qui refuse de fournir ou fait obstacle à l’accès à l’information publique et aux documents administratifs communicables qu’il détient ou dont il a connaissance à l’occasion du service, encourt les sanctions prévues par la législation et la réglementation en vigueur. L’administration est tenue de réparer le préjudice qui en est résulté.	1/2 Omb Act s 9	1/2 33: Toute autorité administrative ou tout agent d’un service coupable de diffusion de l’une des informations ou documents non communicables visés aux articles 13 et 14 de la présente ordonnance, s’expose aux sanctions disciplinaires, sans préjudice des sanctions prévues par les textes en vigueur. Tout usager de service public coupable de diffusion d’une information publique ou d’un document administratif non communicable est passible des sanctions prévues par les textes en vigueur. Nonobstant toutes dispositions légales contraires, les personnes qui ont diffusé ou signalé des agissements constitutifs d’une infraction, un manquement à une obligation légale, une erreur judiciaire ou des actes graves d’incurie dans la gestion d’une administration publique, doivent être protégées et être à l’abri de toute sanction judiciaire, administrative ou professionnelle.	2/2 33: Toute autorité administrative ou tout agent d’un service coupable de diffusion de l’une des informations ou documents non communicables visés aux articles 13 et 14 de la présente ordonnance, s’expose aux sanctions disciplinaires, sans préjudice des sanctions prévues par les textes en vigueur. Tout usager de service public coupable de diffusion d’une information publique ou d’un document administratif non communicable est passible des sanctions prévues par les textes en vigueur. Nonobstant toutes dispositions légales contraires, les personnes qui ont diffusé ou signalé des agissements constitutifs d’une infraction, un manquement à une obligation légale, une erreur judiciaire ou des actes graves d’incurie dans la gestion d’une administration publique, doivent être protégées et être à l’abri de toute sanction judiciaire, administrative ou professionnelle.	6/8	6
25	Romania	2/2 Article 21: "The explicit or silent refusal of the designated employee within a public authority or organization to enforce the provisions of this law shall be considered as infringement and the employee shall be deemed disciplinary responsible. [...] If after administrative investigation the complaint is found wellgrounded, the individual shall receive an answer no later than 15 days from the submission of the complaint; the answer shall contain the public information previously requested and the mentioning of the disciplinary sanctions imposed to the person found guilty." Criminal Code of Romania, Article 242.	0/2	2/2 Romanian Whistleblowers Law, Article 1: This law regulates certain actions regarding the protection of persons who claimed or notified violations of the law within the public authorities, public institutions and other units, committed by persons holding management or execution positions within the public authorities and institutions.	2/2 Romanian Whistleblowers Law, Article 5, Section G: The notification of certain actions of violation of law by the persons set forth at art.1 and art.2, provided by law as being misbehaviors, contraventions or offences, shall represent a public interest warning and includes:violations of law concerning the access to information and of the decisional transparency.	6/8	6
26	South Africa	2/2 90(1) A person who with intent to deny a right of access in terms of this Act— (a) destroys, damages or alters a record; (b) conceals a record; or (c) falsifies a record or makes a false record, commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years.	0/2 N/A	2/2 89 No person is criminally or civilly liable for anything done in good faith in the exercise or performance or purported exercise or performance of any power or duty in terms of this Act or the rules made under section 79.	2/2 N/A	6/8	6
27	Uganda	2/2 46. Offences. A person who with intent to deny a right of access under this Act - (a) destroys, damages or alters a record; (b) conceals a record; or (c) falsifies a record or makes a false record, commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding two hundred and forty currency points or imprisonment not exceeding three year or both.	0/2 N/A	2/2 45. Protection of officers. A public officer, information officer or other person acting on the directions of such a person is not subject to any civil or criminal liability for any act done or omitted to be done in good faith in the exercise or performance of any power or duty under this Act.	2/2 44. Protection of persons releasing information (1) No person shall be subject to any legal, administrative or employment-related sanction, regardless of any breach of a legal or employment obligation, for releasing information on wrongdoing, or information which would disclose a serious threat to health, safety or the environment, as long as that person acted in good faith and in the reasonable belief that the information was substantially true and disclosed evidence of wrongdoing or a serious threat to health, safety or the environment. (2) For purposes of subsection (1), wrongdoing includes the commission of a criminal offence, failure to comply with a legal obligation, a miscarriage of justice, corruption or dishonesty, or maladministration regarding a public body.	6/8	6
28	Vanuatu	2/2 86. Offences (1) A person who: (a) refuses to receive an application for information; or (b) in bad faith, denies an application for information; or (c) knowingly gives incomplete, misleading or wrong information; or (d) destroys information, without lawful authority; or (e) obstructs access in any way to any information; or (f) obstructs the performance of a Government agency, relevant private entity or private entity from carrying out a duty under this Act; or (g) interferes with or obstructs the work of the Information Commissioner, a Right to Information Officer or any other officer assisting the Information Commissioner or the Right to Information Officer; or (h) directs, proposes, counsels or causes any person in any manner to do any of the above, commits an offence punishable on conviction by a fine not exceeding VT500,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 1 year, or both. (2) If a Right to Information Officer, without reasonable cause: (a) refuses to receive an application; or (b) has not responded to an application within the time specified in this Act; or (c) has vexatiously denied an application; or (d) has given incorrect, incomplete or misleading information; or (e) refuses to render any assistance under this Act; or (f) obstructed in any manner the release of information, he or she commits an offence punishable on conviction by a fine of VT500,000.	0/2 N/A	2/2 63. Protection from liability (1) A civil or criminal liability action is not to be taken against the Information Commissioner or any staff of the Office of the Information Commissioner in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in good faith in the execution or purported execution of his or her functions and powers under this Act. (2) In addition to subsection (1), any information supplied pursuant to an investigation under this Act is privileged unless that information is shown to have been supplied with malice. 84. Good faith disclosures A Right to Information Officer or any person assisting the Right to Information Officer is not liable to any civil or criminal action, or any administrative or employment related sanction or detriment, for anything done in good faith in the exercise, performance or purported performance of any power or duty under this Act.	2/2 83. Whistleblowers (1) A person is not liable to any civil or criminal action or any administrative or employment related sanction or detriment for: (a) releasing information on any wrongdoing; or (b) releasing information which would disclose a serious threat to health, safety or the environment, as long as they acted in good faith and in the reasonable belief that the information was substantially true and disclosed evidence of wrongdoing or a serious threat to health, safety or the environment. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), wrongdoing includes the commission of a criminal offence, failure to comply with a legal obligation, a miscarriage of justice, corruption or dishonesty, or serious mal- administration regarding a Government agency, relevant private entity or private entity.	6/8	6
29	Vietnam	2/2 Article 11. Prohibited Acts: (1) Intentionally providing incorrect and insufficient information; delaying information provision; destroying information; falsifying information; (4) Obstructing, threatening, victimizing information requester or information provider. Article 15(1): Persons violating the provisions of the law on access to information shall be disciplined, handled for administrative violations or examined for penal liabilities depending on the nature and seriousness of their violations; (2) When persons responsible for information provision commit one of the acts specified in Article 11 of this Law, which causes damage, the state agencies providing information shall pay for the damages and the individuals that commit acts of violation shall have to repay according to regulations of the law on state compensation liability. Article 34(2): The head of the agency providing information shall be responsible for ensuring the performance of information provision in the agency, timely handling the person in charge of providing information under his/her jurisdiction management who obstructs the exercise of the right to access to information of citizen; (3) The person assigned to provide information shall be responsible for providing citizens with sufficient information in a timely manner and shall not harass, obstruct or cause difficulties while performing their tasks.	2/2 Law on State Compensation Liability, Penal Code: Article 167. 1. Any person who uses of violence, threatens to use violence or otherwise obstructs a citizen from exercising his/her freedom of speech, freedom of the press, right of access to information or right to protest despite the fact that he/she has incurred disciplinary or administrative penalty for the same offence shall face a penalty of up to 02 year's community sentence or 03 - 24 months' imprisonment. 2. This offence committed in any of the following circumstances carries a penalty of 01 - 05 years' imprisonment: a) The offence is committed by an organized group; b) The offence involves abuse of the offender's her position or power; c) The offence has a negative impact on social safety, order and security. 3. The offender might be forbidden from holding certain positions for 01 - 05 years.	0/2 N/A	2/2 Articles 47-58 of the Law on Denunciations	6/8	6
30	Antigua and Barbuda	2/2 48(1) A person shall not willfully: (a) obstruct access to any record contrary to Part III of this Act; (b) obstruct the performance by a public authority of a duty pursuant to Part III of this Act; (c) interfere with the work of the Commissioner; or (d) destroy records without lawful authority. (2) A person who contravenes any of the provisions of subsection (1) commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or to both.	0/2 N/A	1/2 40(1) The Commissioner, any officer or employee of his Office or any other person acting on behalf of or under the direction of the Commissioner shall not be personally liable in criminal or civil proceedings for any act done in good faith pursuant to this Act. (2) For the purposes of proceedings for defamation, any information provided, whether orally or in writing, pursuant to an investigation by or on behalf of the Commissioner under this Act shall be treated as privileged information unless it is shown that that information was not provided in good faith.	2/2 47(1) A person may disclose information to the Commissioner or to any other authority on the wrong-doing by a public authority concerning: (a) a serious threat to the health or safety of an individual or a serious threat to the public or the environment; (b) the commission of a criminal offence; (c) failure to comply with a legal obligation; (d) a miscarriage of justice; (e) corruption, dishonesty or serious maladministration, (f) abuse of authority or neglect in the performance of official duty; (g) injustice to an individual; (h) unauthorised use of public funds, and that person disclosing the information shall not be liable in any legal proceedings or to any sanction relating to his employment regardless of any breach of a legal or other obligation for disclosing such information if the information was disclosed in good faith and in the reasonable belief that it was substantially true.	5/8	5
31	Azerbaijan	2/2 6. Basic principles of access to information 6.1.9. liability of information owners for violation of the right to information. Law on the Human Rights Commissioner, 13.2.4, Code of Administrative Offences, 374 (see also 371, 372, 373, 374.2 and 374.3)	2/2 Code of Administrative Offences, 374 (see also 371, 372, 373, 374.2 and 374.3)	0/2 N/A	1/2 6.1. The main principles of access to information are as follows:...6.1.11. non-prosecution of officials for disclosing information about violations of public interest.	5/8	5
32	Croatia	2/2 Art.61.1.: A fine for a misdemeanour in the amount ranging from 5,000.00 to 20,000.00 HRK shall be issued to the natural responsable person if he/she do not comply with decisions of the Information Commissioner listed in the Article 25 Pararaph 7 of this law, or do not comply within the deadline set by the decision of the Commissioner. Art.62.2.: A fine for a misdemeanour in the amount ranging from 5,000.00 to 50,000.00 HRK shall be issued to the natural person which damages, destroys, hides or in other way renders unavailable the document containing information, aiming to prevent exercising of the right of access to information.	2/2 Art.43.3.: Inspectional supervision is conducted upon the petitions received from beneficiaries of the right of access to and re-use of information, upon the proposal of the third party or ex officio. Art.62.4.: A fine for a misdemeanor in the amount ranging from 2,000.00 to 10.000,00 HRK shall be issued to the responsible person if he/she fail to deal away with illegal practices, irregularities and deficiencies specified in the Minutes within the set deadline.	1/2 Art.35.2.: The information Commissioner can not be held accountable, held in custody or legally sancioned for expressed opinion and undertaken actions within the designeted scope of work, unless these constitute violations of laws which are considered to be (criminal) offences.	0/2 N/A	5/8	5
33	India	2/2 Article 20(1) Where the Central Information Commission or the State Information Commission, as the case may be, at the time of deciding any complaint or appeal is of the opinion that the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, has, without any reasonable cause, refused to receive an application for information or has not furnished information within the time specified under sub-section (1) of section 7 or malafidely denied the request for information or knowingly given incorrect, incomplete or misleading information or destroyed information which was the subject of the request or obstructed in any manner in furnishing the information, it shall impose a penalty of two hundred and fifty rupees each day till application is received or information is furnished, so however, the total amount of such penalty shall not exceed twenty-five thousand rupees: Provided that the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, shall be given a reasonable opportunity of being heard before any penalty is imposed on him: Provided further that the burden of proving that he acted reasonably and diligently shall be on the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer, as the case may be. (2) Where the Central Information Commission or the State Information Commission, as the case may be, at the time of deciding any complaint or appeal is of the opinion that the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, has, without any reasonable cause and persistently, failed to receive an application for information or has not furnished information within the time specified under sub-section (1) of section 7 or malafidely denied the request for information or knowingly given incorrect, incomplete or misleading information or destroyed information which was the subject of the request or obstructed in any manner in furnishing the information, it shall recommend for disciplinary action against the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, under the service rules applicable to him.	1/2 Article 19(8)(a) In its decision, the Central Information Commission or State Information Commission, as the case may be, has the power to - (a) require the public authority to take any such steps as may be necessary to secure compliance with the provisions of this Act, including (i) by providing access to information, if so requested, in a particular form; (ii) by appointing a Central Public Information Officer or State Public Information Officer, as the case may be; (iii) by publishing certain information or categories of information; (iv) by making necessary changes to its practices in relation to the maintenance, management and destruction of records; (v) by enhancing the provision of training on the right to information for its officials; (vi) by providing it with an annual report in compliance with clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 4; [...] Article 20(2) Where the Central Information Commission or the State Information Commission, as the case may be, at the time of deciding any complaint or appeal is of the opinion that the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, has, without any reasonable cause and persistently, failed to receive an application for information or has not furnished information within the time specified under sub-section (1) of section 7 or malafidely denied the request for information or knowingly given incorrect, incomplete or misleading information or destroyed information which was the subject of the request or obstructed in any manner in furnishing the information, it shall recommend for disciplinary action against the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, under the service rules applicable to him. Article 25(5) If it appears to the Central Information Commission or State Information Commission, as the case may be, that the practice of a public authority in relation to the exercise of its functions under this Act does not conform with the provisions or spirit of this Act, it may give to the authority a recommendation specifying the steps which ought in its opinion to be taken for promoting such conformity.	2/2 Article 21. No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against any person for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act or any rule made thereunder.	0/2 N/A	5/8	5
34	Jamaica	2/2 Article 34(1) A person commits an offence, if in relation to an official document to which a right of access is conferred under this Act he - (a) alters or defaces; (b) blocks or erases; (c) destroys; or (d) conceals, the document with the intention of preventing its disclosure. (2) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is liable on summary conviction in a Resident Magistrate's Court to a fine not exceeding five hundred thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to both such fine and imprisonment.	0/2 N/A	1/2 Article 33(2) Where access to a document referred to in subsection (1) is granted in the bona fide belief that the grant of such access is required by this Act, no action for defamation, breach of confidence or breach of copyright shall lie against - (a) the Government or any public authority, any Minister or any public officer involved in the grant of such access, by reason of the grant of access or of any republication of that document; or (b) the author of the document or any other person who supplied the document to the Government or the public authority, in respect of the publication involved in or resulting from the grant of access, by reason of having so supplied the document. Article 35(1) Where access to an official document is granted in accordance with this Act, the person who authorizes such access and any other person concerned in the granting thereof shall not, by reason only of so doing, be guilty of a criminal offence. (2) Subject to subsection (3), nothing in this Act shall affect the provisions of any other Act other than the Official Secrets Act, relating to the non-disclosure of information. (3) For the avoidance of any doubt, it is hereby declared that the Official Secrets Act shall apply in relation to the grant of access to an official document in contravention of this Act.	2/2 N/A	5/8	5
35	Namibia	2/2 81. A person who - (a) destroys, damages or alters information required to be kept or requested in terms of this Act; (b) conceals information requested in terms of this Act; (c) falsifies or manipulates information or provides a false record or document as information requested in terms of this Act; (d) obstructs, interferes or hinders an information officer or any other staff member of a public or private entity in the exercise or performance of his or her powers or functions under or in terms of this Act; (e) obstructs, interferes or hinders the Information Commissioner, Deputy Information Commissioner or his or her staff member or any other person in the exercise or performance of the powers or functions of the Information Commissioner under or in terms of this Act; (f) accesses information exempt from disclosure in terms this Act without relevant authorisation; or (g) assists, directs, proposes, advises or causes any person in any manner to do any act referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f), commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding N$100 000 or imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years, or to both such fine and such imprisonment. 82. If an information officer - (a) without a valid reason, refuses to receive a request for access to information; (b) fails to respond to a request within the period specified in section 37 or if that period has been extended in accordance with section 39 within such extended period; (c) fails to comply with an order of the Information Commissioner; (d) refuses to grant a request for access to information in a frivolous or vexatious conduct; (e) gives incorrect, incomplete or misleading information; or (f) obstructs in any manner the release of information granted, the information officer is liable to an administrative fine of not less than N$2 000 and not more than N$30 000 as the Information Commissioner or any court of law may impose for each day the request is not complied with.	0/2 N/A	1/2 4. The right of access to information conferred by section 30 is guaranteed based on the following principles that - ... (g) a person who discloses information in good faith is not subject to any sanction except where a relevant law provides otherwise. 84(1) A person is not personally liable for any loss or damage caused by the disclosure or authorisation of the disclosure of any information in good faith in the course of exercising or performing his or her powers or functions under this Act, unless the loss or damage was caused as a result of the gross negligence or unlawful conduct of the person. (2) A staff member of a public or private entity may not be subjected to any detriment in the course of his or her employment by reason of the disclosure or authorisation of the disclosure in good faith of any information under this Act.	2/2 Whistleblower Protection Act 10 of 2017	5/8	5
36	Seychelles	2/2 63(3) The Information Commission May impose a fine not exceeding SCR25,000 in cases where the Information Officer without any reasonable cause, refused to receive an application for information or has not furnished information within the time specified under part II of the Act or in bad faith denied the request for information or knowingly given incorrect, incomplete or misleading information or destroyed information which was the subject of the request or, obstructed in any manner in furnishing the information. 67. A person who with intent to deny a right of access to information under this Act— (a) destroys, damages or alters information, (b) conceals information; (e) falsifies information or makes a false record, (d) obstructs the performance by an information holder of a duty under this Act; (e) interferes or obstructs the work of the Information Commission; or (f) directs, proposes, counsels or causes any person in any manner to do any of the above, commits an offence and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for a term of 5 years and a fine of SCR200, 000 or with both imprisonment and fine.	1/2 54(2) The Information Commission may impose a fine not exceeding SCR100,000 on public bodies that do not comply with the annual reporting obligation.	2/2 66.(1) No person is criminally or civilly liable for the disclosure or authorisation of the disclosure in good faith of any information under this Act. (2) No person may be subjected to any detriment in the course of their employment by reason of the disclosure or authorisation of the disclosure in good faith of any information under this Act. 73. A suit or other legal proceedings shall not lie against the Information Commission, Chief Information Commissioner, Information Commissioners, Chief Executive Officer or other employees of the Information Commission for any action taken or intended to have been taken in pursuance of the provisions of this Act.	0/2 N/A	5/8	5
37	Tanzania	2/2 Section 22: A person who alters, defaces, blocks, erases, destroys or conceals any information held by the information holder, with the intention of preventing the disclosure by such information holder, commits an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding five million shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months or to both	0/2 N/A	1/2 Section 6(6) Any person who- (a) disclose exempt information, other than information relating to national security, commits an offence and shall, on conviction be liable to imprisonment for a term not less than three years but not exceeding five years. (b) discloses exempt information relating to national security, commits offence and the provisions of the National Security Act shall apply. Section 24: Officers in the service or employment of any information holder shall not be subject to any civil or criminal liability for any act done or omitted to be done in good faith in the exercise or performance of any power or duty under this Act	2/2 Section 4(e) provide for the protection of persons who release information of public interest in good faith. Section 23(1) A person in the service or employment of any information holder shall not be subject to any legal, administrative or employment related sanctions for releasing information on wrongdoing, or information which would disclose a serious threat to health, safety or the environment, as long as that person acted in good faith and in the reasonable belief that the information was substantially true. (2) For purposes of subsection (1), wrongdoing includes the commission of a criminal offence, failure to comply with a legal obligation, a miscarriage of justice, corruption or dishonesty, or malady	5/8	5
38	Zambia	2/2 35, 36	0/2 Not mentioned	1/2 37	2/2 Public Interest Disclosure (Protection of Whistleblowers) Act, 2010, https://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/acts/Public%20Interest%20Disclosure%20%28Protection%20of%20Whistleblowers%29%20Act%202010.PDF	5/8	5
39	Australia	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/2 Australian Information Commissioner Act 2010 Reg. 35 Information officer etc. not to be sued (1) This section applies to a person if: (a) the person is an information officer; or (b) the person is acting under the direction or authority of an information officer. (2) The person is not liable to an action, suit or proceeding in relation to an act done or omitted to be done in good faith in the exercise or purported exercise of any power or authority conferred for the purposes of an information commissioner function, a freedom of information function or a privacy function. 90 Protection against civil liability—general (1) No action for defamation, breach of confidence or infringement of copyright lies against the Commonwealth, a Minister, an agency or an officer of an agency because the Minister, or an officer of the agency: (a) publishes a document in good faith, in the belief that the publication is required or permitted under Part II (information publication scheme) or section 11C (publication of information in accessed documents); or (b) gives access to a document in good faith, in the belief that the access is required or permitted to be given in response to a request; or (c) publishes, or gives access to, a document in good faith, in the belief that the publication or access is required or permitted otherwise than under this Act (whether or not under an express legislative power). (2) No action for defamation, or breach of confidence, in respect of the publication of a document covered by subsection (3), lies against a person (including the author of the document) because the person supplied the document to a Minister or an agency. (3) The publication of a document is covered by this subsection if: (a) it is published as mentioned in paragraph (1)(a) or (c); or (b) its publication is involved in, or results from, the giving of access to the document (or another document) as mentioned in paragraph (1)(b) or (c).	2/2 Public Interest Disclosure Act	4/8	4
40	Bolivia	2/2 17(I) The public servants in charge of the compliance and execution of this Supreme Decree that incur in undue refusal, lack of response or illegal restriction in the attention of the requests for information, regardless of the administrative and civil responsibility that corresponds to them, will be liable criminal offense for breach of duties. (II) The higher administrative authority, known the fact, will file a complaint with the Public Ministry for the corresponding criminal action. The petitioner affected in his right may file a complaint with the same entity.	0/2 N/A	2/2 18(I) Compliance with the provisions of this Supreme Decree will not give rise to any type of sanctions against the persons who provide the requested information. (II) No natural or legal person, public or private, entity or means of communication that discloses the information obtained, may be subject to reprisals, administrative or judicial actions for the disclosure of information, including that indicated in Article 7 of this Supreme Decree and the Article 8 of this same rule when it is framed in the procedures and deadlines established for this purpose.	0/2 N/A	4/8	4
41	Bulgaria	2/2 42. (Amended, SG No. 49/2007) (1) If not subject to a harsher penalty, a civil servant who failed to respond within the specified time limits to a request for access to public information without exculpatory reason, shall be fined between 50 and 100 leva.	2/2 42. (Amended, SG No. 49/2007) (1) If not subject to a harsher penalty, a civil servant who failed to respond within the specified time limits to a request for access to public information without exculpatory reason, shall be fined between 50 and 100 leva. (2) If not subject to a harsher penalty, a civil servant who did not follow a court order to grant access to public information shall be fined between 200 and 2000 leva. (3) Any failure to meet the obligations under art. 31, sub-art. 3 shall be punished with a fine between 50 and 100 leva for physical persons or between 100 and 200 leva for legal entities. (4) For failure to provide access to public information by the persons described in art. 3 sub-art. 2, the punishment shall be a fine between 100 and 200 leva.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	4/8	4
42	Chile	0/2 N/A	2/2 Artículo 45.- La autoridad o jefatura o jefe superior del órgano o servicio de la Administración del Estado, requerido, que hubiere denegado infundadamente el acceso a la información, contraviniendo, así, lo dispuesto en el artículo 16, será sancionado con multa de 20% a 50% de su remuneración. Artículo 46.- La no entrega oportuna de la información en la forma decretada, una vez que ha sido ordenada por resolución a firme, será sancionada con multa de 20% a 50% de la remuneración correspondiente. Si la autoridad o jefatura o jefe superior del órgano o servicio de la Administración del Estado, requerido, persistiere en su actitud, se le aplicará el duplo de la sanción indicada y la suspensión en el cargo por un lapso de cinco días. Artículo 47.- El incumplimiento injustificado de las normas sobre transparencia activa se sancionará con multa de 20% a 50% de las remuneraciones del infractor.	0/2 N/A	2/2 N/A	4/8	4
43	China	1/2 52 Where administrative organs violate the provisions of these Regulations by failing to establish and complete relevant systems and mechanisms for open government information, the administrative organ at the level above is responsible for ordering corrections; where the circumstances are serious, the leaders with responsibility and directly responsible personnel are given sanctions in accordance with law. 53 In any of the following circumstances, where administrative organs violate the provisions of these Regulations, the administrative organ at the level above is to order corrections; and where the circumstances are serious the leaders with responsibility and directly responsible personnel are given sanctions in accordance with law; and where a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility is pursued in accordance with law. (1) Not performing open government information functions in accordance with law; (2) Not promptly updating the contents of government information that has been disclosed, the open government information handbook, and the open government information catalog; (3) Other circumstances violating the provisions of this Regulation.	1/2 52. Where administrative organs violate the provisions of these Regulations by failing to establish and complete relevant systems and mechanisms for open government information, the administrative organ at the level above is responsible for ordering corrections; where the circumstances are serious, the leaders with responsibility and directly responsible personnel are given sanctions in accordance with law. 53. In any of the following circumstances, where administrative organs violate the provisions of these Regulations, the administrative organ at the level above is to order corrections; and where the circumstances are serious the leaders with responsibility and directly responsible personnel are given sanctions in accordance with law; and where a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility is pursued in accordance with law. (1) Not performing open government information functions in accordance with law; (2) Not promptly updating the contents of government information that has been disclosed, the open government information handbook, and the open government information catalog; (3) Other circumstances violating the provisions of this Regulation.	0/2 N/A	2/2 N/A	4/8	4
44	Colombia	2/2 Article 29 Criminal Responsibility. Any act of concealment, destruction or deliberate alteration or partial public information once it has been subject to a request for information shall be punished in accordance with Article 292 of the Penal Code.	2/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	4/8	4
45	Costa Rica	2/2 Artículo 14.- El Oficial de Acceso a la Información y al Oficial de Simplificación de Trámites. Ambos oficiales tendrán, específicamente, las siguientes funciones con respecto del derecho de acceso a la información: . . . e- Recomendar a la autoridad jerárquica competente la apertura de investigación de funcionarios institucionales debido al incumplimiento de lo establecido en el presente Decreto. SECCION III REGIMEN SANCIONATORIO 16. El deber de aplicar el régimen sancionatorio interno. En caso que se incumpla con las disposiciones de este decreto, la autoridad institucional competente deberá aplicar los procedimientos administrativos sancionatorios que correspondan según la normativa vigente.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/2 N/A	4/8	4
46	Cyprus	2/2 "Article 46 (Administrative fines) 46.-(1) Ανεξάρτητα από την ποινική ευθύνη ή την ποινική δίωξη οποιουδήποτε προσώπου, εφόσον εξακολουθεί να εκκρεμεί αίτημα για πρόσβαση σε πληροφορίες από αιτητή, ο Επίτροπος, κατά την κρίση του, δύναται να επιβάλει διοικητικό πρόστιμο που δεν υπερβαίνει τις πέντε χιλιάδες ευρώ (€5.000) σε δημόσια αρχή η οποία, ενώ παραλαμβάνει την απόφαση του Επιτρόπου, όπως καθορίζεται στα άρθρα 44 και 45, δεν προβαίνει στις δέουσες ενέργειες για υλοποίηση των καθορισμένων σε αυτή μέτρων εντός της καθορισθείσας προθεσμίας: Νοείται ότι πριν την έκδοση οποιασδήποτε απόφασης για επιβολή διοικητικού προστίμου όπως καθορίζεται στο παρόν εδάφιο, ο Επίτροπος παρέχει στην δημόσια αρχή προειδοποίηση εξήντα (60) ημερών. (2) Σε περίπτωση συνέχισης της παράβασης ο Επίτροπος δύναται να επιβάλλει πρόστιμο μέχρι πενήντα ευρώ (€50) για κάθε ημέρα συνέχισης της παράβασης: Νοείται ότι το επιβαλλόμενο δυνάμει των πιο πάνω διατάξεων διοικητικό πρόστιμο υπολογίζεται ανάλογα με τη φύση, τη βαρύτητα και τη διάρκεια της παράβασης. (3) Ο Επίτροπος επιβάλλει διοικητικό πρόστιμο δυνάμει των διατάξεων του παρόντος άρθρου με αιτιολογημένη απόφασή του στην οποία αναφέρεται η παράβαση, αφού προηγουμένως ακούσει ή/και δώσει την ευκαιρία στη δημόσια αρχή ή εκπρόσωπό της να ακουστεί προφορικώς ή γραπτώς. (4) Κατά την επιβολή διοικητικού προστίμου δυνάμει των διατάξεων του παρόντος άρθρου, ο Επίτροπος δύναται να λάβει υπόψη του οποιαδήποτε ανάληψη δέσμευσης που παρέχεται έναντί του από τη δημόσια αρχή ή εκ μέρους της αναφορικά με τη γενόμενη παράβαση και την προοπτική άρσης ή αποκατάστασης αυτής και, σε κάθε περίπτωση, ο Επίτροπος μεριμνά, ώστε να μην επιβάλλεται, για την ίδια πράξη, διοικητικό πρόστιμο αφού επιβληθεί ποινή συνεπεία καταδίκης για τέλεση ποινικού αδικήματος. (5) Το ποσό του διοικητικού προστίμου εισπράττεται από τον Επίτροπο όταν παρέλθει άπρακτη η προς άσκηση προσφυγής, δυνάμει του Άρθρου 146 του Συντάγματος, προθεσμία των εβδομήντα πέντε (75) ημερών, από την κοινοποίηση της απόφασης για επιβολή διοικητικού προστίμου. (6) Σε περίπτωση παράλειψης πληρωμής των κατά τον παρόντα Νόμο επιβαλλόμενων από τον Επίτροπο προστίμων, ο Επίτροπος λαμβάνει δικαστικά μέτρα προς είσπραξη του οφειλόμενου ποσού ως αστικό χρέος οφειλόμενο προς τη Δημοκρατία. Article 53 (Offences and Penalties) 53 (1) Σε περίπτωση που - (α) Υποβλήθηκε αίτηση για παροχή πληροφοριών σε δημόσια αρχή· και (β) ο αιτητής θα είχε δικαίωμα πρόσβασης στις ζητούμενες πληροφορίες δυνάμει των διατάξεων του παρόντος Νόμου, πρόσωπο είναι ένοχο αδικήματος αν τροποποιεί, παραποιεί, διαγράφει, καταστρέφει ή αποκρύπτει αρχείο που κατέχει η δημόσια αρχή, με σκοπό την παρεμπόδιση της αποκάλυψης από τη δημόσια αρχή μέρους ή όλων των ζητούμενων πληροφοριών, στις οποίες ο αιτητής θα είχε δικαίωμα πρόσβασης, και, σε περίπτωση καταδίκης του, υπόκειται σε ποινή φυλάκισης που δεν υπερβαίνει το ένα (1) έτος ή σε χρηματική ποινή που δεν υπερβαίνει τις τρεις χιλιάδες ευρώ (€3.000) ή και στις δύο αυτές ποινές. (2) Πρόσωπο είναι ένοχο αδικήματος, αν - (α) Σκόπιμα καθυστερεί ή παρεμποδίζει πρόσωπο κατά την άσκηση των εξουσιών του δυνάμει των διατάξεων του παρόντος Νόμου, (β) παρεμποδίζει ή αποπειράται να παρεμποδίσει άλλο πρόσωπο που εισήλθε σε υποστατικό μαζί με εξουσιοδοτημένο από τον Επίτροπο λειτουργό, σύμφωνα με τις διατάξεις της παραγράφου (δ) του άρθρου 41, για να του παρέχει συνδρομή, (γ) στο πλαίσιο έρευνας που πραγματοποιείται δυνάμει των διατάξεων του άρθρου 41, εν γνώσει του παρουσιάζει ή χρησιμοποιεί αρχείο, βιβλίο, έγγραφο ή άλλο στοιχείο που έχει πλαστογραφηθεί ή είναι ψευδές σε σχέση με οποιοδήποτε ουσιώδες στοιχείο, και σε περίπτωση καταδίκης του υπόκειται σε ποινή φυλάκισης που δεν υπερβαίνει το ένα (1) έτος ή σε χρηματική ποινή που δεν υπερβαίνει τις τρεις χιλιάδες ευρώ (€3.000) ή και στις δύο αυτές ποινές."	1/2 "Article 40 (Good Practice Recommendations) 40.-(1) Ο Επίτροπός, σε περίπτωση που κρίνει ότι η πρακτική δημόσιας αρχής σε σχέση με την άσκηση των αρμοδιοτήτων της δυνάμει των διατάξεων του παρόντος Νόμου δεν είναι σύμφωνη με τις προτάσεις που περιλαμβάνονται στους κώδικες πρακτικής που εκδίδονται δυνάμει των διατάξεων του άρθρου 39, δύναται να κοινοποιήσει στη δημόσια αρχή σύσταση, εφεξής καλούμενη «σύσταση πρακτικής», στην οποία καταγράφει τα μέτρα τα οποία, κατά την κρίση του, πρέπει να ληφθούν για να προωθηθεί τέτοια συμμόρφωση. (2) Σύσταση πρακτικής κοινοποιείται εγγράφως και περιλαμβάνει αναφορά στην πρόνοια του κώδικα πρακτικής με την οποία, κατά την κρίση του Επιτρόπου, δεν συμμορφώνεται η πρακτική της δημόσιας αρχής. Article 46 (Administrative fines) 46.-(1) Ανεξάρτητα από την ποινική ευθύνη ή την ποινική δίωξη οποιουδήποτε προσώπου, εφόσον εξακολουθεί να εκκρεμεί αίτημα για πρόσβαση σε πληροφορίες από αιτητή, ο Επίτροπος, κατά την κρίση του, δύναται να επιβάλει διοικητικό πρόστιμο που δεν υπερβαίνει τις πέντε χιλιάδες ευρώ (€5.000) σε δημόσια αρχή η οποία, ενώ παραλαμβάνει την απόφαση του Επιτρόπου, όπως καθορίζεται στα άρθρα 44 και 45, δεν προβαίνει στις δέουσες ενέργειες για υλοποίηση των καθορισμένων σε αυτή μέτρων εντός της καθορισθείσας προθεσμίας: Νοείται ότι πριν την έκδοση οποιασδήποτε απόφασης για επιβολή διοικητικού προστίμου όπως καθορίζεται στο παρόν εδάφιο, ο Επίτροπος παρέχει στην δημόσια αρχή προειδοποίηση εξήντα (60) ημερών. (2) Σε περίπτωση συνέχισης της παράβασης ο Επίτροπος δύναται να επιβάλλει πρόστιμο μέχρι πενήντα ευρώ (€50) για κάθε ημέρα συνέχισης της παράβασης: Νοείται ότι το επιβαλλόμενο δυνάμει των πιο πάνω διατάξεων διοικητικό πρόστιμο υπολογίζεται ανάλογα με τη φύση, τη βαρύτητα και τη διάρκεια της παράβασης. (3) Ο Επίτροπος επιβάλλει διοικητικό πρόστιμο δυνάμει των διατάξεων του παρόντος άρθρου με αιτιολογημένη απόφασή του στην οποία αναφέρεται η παράβαση, αφού προηγουμένως ακούσει ή/και δώσει την ευκαιρία στη δημόσια αρχή ή εκπρόσωπό της να ακουστεί προφορικώς ή γραπτώς. (4) Κατά την επιβολή διοικητικού προστίμου δυνάμει των διατάξεων του παρόντος άρθρου, ο Επίτροπος δύναται να λάβει υπόψη του οποιαδήποτε ανάληψη δέσμευσης που παρέχεται έναντί του από τη δημόσια αρχή ή εκ μέρους της αναφορικά με τη γενόμενη παράβαση και την προοπτική άρσης ή αποκατάστασης αυτής και, σε κάθε περίπτωση, ο Επίτροπος μεριμνά, ώστε να μην επιβάλλεται, για την ίδια πράξη, διοικητικό πρόστιμο αφού επιβληθεί ποινή συνεπεία καταδίκης για τέλεση ποινικού αδικήματος. (5) Το ποσό του διοικητικού προστίμου εισπράττεται από τον Επίτροπο όταν παρέλθει άπρακτη η προς άσκηση προσφυγής, δυνάμει του Άρθρου 146 του Συντάγματος, προθεσμία των εβδομήντα πέντε (75) ημερών, από την κοινοποίηση της απόφασης για επιβολή διοικητικού προστίμου. (6) Σε περίπτωση παράλειψης πληρωμής των κατά τον παρόντα Νόμο επιβαλλόμενων από τον Επίτροπο προστίμων, ο Επίτροπος λαμβάνει δικαστικά μέτρα προς είσπραξη του οφειλόμενου ποσού ως αστικό χρέος οφειλόμενο προς τη Δημοκρατία."	0/2 N/A	1/2 "Article 52 (Defamation) 52. Σε περίπτωση που οποιεσδήποτε από τις πληροφορίες που παρασχέθηκαν από δημόσια αρχή σε αιτητή δυνάμει των διατάξεων του άρθρου 8, δόθηκαν στη δημόσια αρχή από τρίτο πρόσωπο, η δημόσια αρχή απαλλάσσεται από οποιαδήποτε νομική ευθύνη σε σχέση με δημοσιοποίηση στον αιτητή οποιουδήποτε δυσφημιστικού υλικού περιλαμβάνεται στις ζητούμενες πληροφορίες, εκτός εάν η δημοσίευση έγινε κακόπιστα."	4/8	4
47	Guyana	2/2 50(1) A public authority shall maintain and preserve records in relation to its functions and a copy of all official documents which are created by it or which come at any time into its possession, custody or power. (2) A person who wilfully destroys or damages a record or document required to be maintained and preserved under subsection (1), commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred thousand dollars and imprisonment for six months. (3) A person who knowingly destroys or damages a record or document which is required to be maintained and preserved under subsection (1) while a request for access to the record or document is pending commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for one year. (4) A person who knowingly is in unlawful possession of an exempt document commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred thousand dollars and to imprisonment for six months. (5) A person to whom access to a document is given and that person alters or defaces, obliterates or erases, destroys or conceals any part of the document with the intention of preventing the accurate disclosure of its contents, if published, is liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred thousand dollars and imprisonment for six months. (6) A person who obstructs the Commissioner of Information or any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner of Information in the performance of the Commissioner of Information's duties and functions under this Act commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred thousand dollars and imprisonment for six months. (7) A person who discloses any content of exempt documents commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for six months. (8) A person who publishes exempt information on a website, blog site, any other social networking site, internet radio, or any other media commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for one year.	1/2 7. The Commissioner of Information has the power to - (a) require a public authority to take any steps as may be necessary to secure compliance with the provisions of this Act, including - (i) by providing access to information, if so requested, in a particular form; (ii) by publishing certain information or categories of information, that are needed urgently and are not published under any other provision of this Act; (iii) by making necessary changes to its practices in relation to the maintenance, classification, management, retention and destruction of records; (iv) by enhancing the provision of training on the right to information for its officials; (v) by providing the Minister with an annual report; (b) require a public authority to compensate the complainant for inconvenience suffered; (c) request and examine any disciplinary action taken against any officer in respect of the administration of this Act; (d) indicate efforts by the public authorities to administer and implement the spirit and intention of this Act; (e) make recommendations for reform, including recommendations in respect of the particular public authorities, for the development, improvement, modernisation, reform or amendment to this Act or other legislation or the common law; or (f) address any other matter relevant for operationalising the right to access to information.	1/2 42(1) Where access to a document has been given in accordance with the requirements of this Act or in good faith, in the belief that it was required to be given in accordance with this Act, unless malice is proved - (a) no action for defamation, breach of confidence or infringement of copyright may be brought against the Commissioner of Information, the public authority, the Minister, the responsible Minister, or an officer or employee of the public authority as a result of the giving of access; [...] 50(1) A public authority shall maintain and preserve records in relation to its functions and a copy of all official documents which are created by it or which come at any time into its possession, custody or power. (2) A person who wilfully destroys or damages a record or document required to be maintained and preserved under subsection (1), commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred thousand dollars and imprisonment for six months. (3) A person who knowingly destroys or damages a record or document which is required to be maintained and preserved under subsection (1) while a request for access to the record or document is pending commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for one year. (4) A person who knowingly is in unlawful possession of an exempt document commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred thousand dollars and to imprisonment for six months. (5) A person to whom access to a document is given and that person alters or defaces, obliterates or erases, destroys or conceals any part of the document with the intention of preventing the accurate disclosure of its contents, if published, is liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred thousand dollars and imprisonment for six months. (6) A person who obstructs the Commissioner of Information or any person acting on behalf or under the direction of the Commissioner of Information in the performance of the Commissioner of Information's duties and functions under this Act commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of three hundred thousand dollars and imprisonment for six months. (7) A person who discloses any content of exempt documents commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for six months. (8) A person who publishes exempt information on a website, blog site, any other social networking site, internet radio, or any other media commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for one year.	0/2 N/A	4/8	4
48	Israel	2/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/2 N/A	1/2 N/A	4/8	4
49	Italy	2/2 Article 47. The non-communication or incomplete communication of the information and data provided by article 14 related to the patrimonial situation of the holder of the duty at the moment of the appointment, the stock detained in companies, his shareholdings and those of his spouse and relatives in the second degree as well as all the compensation related to the appointment, give rise to an administrative sanction from 500 to 10.000 euros and the related decision is published on the website of the administration or body involved. 1-bis. The sanction provided by paragraph 1 is applied also to the manager who not perform the communication provided by article 14 paragraph 1-ter related to the public compensation received, as well as to the responsible for the non-publication of the information provided by the same article. the same sanction is applied to the responsible of the non-publication of the information provided by article 4-bis paragraph 2. (2) The violation of the obligation of publication provided by article 22 paragraph 2, leads to an administrative sanction from 500 to 10.000 euros against the responsible of the violation. The same sanction applies to managers who do not communicate to public shareholders their appointment and the related compensation within 30 days from the appointment, or within 30 days from the perception of the result compensation. (3) The sanctions provided by paragraph 1 are applied by the National Anti-Corruption Authority. The National Anti-Corruption Authority disciplines with regulation, in accordance with the dispositions of Law 24 November 1981, n. 689, the procedure of application of the sanctions.	2/2 Article 46(1) Non-compliance with the obligation of publication provided by the legislation in force and the refusal or delay or limitation of the civic access, with exception for the cases provided by article 5-bis, constitutes element of evaluation for managerial responsibility, possible cause of responsibility for damage to the reputation of the administration and are in any case evaluated for the provision of the retribution of result and accessory retribution related to the individual performance of the individuals involved. (2) The responsible is not liable according to paragraph 1 if he proves that the non-compliance was caused by events not attributable to him.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	4/8	4
50	Ivory Coast	2/2 25. Est puni d’une peine d’emprisonnement de trois mois à un an et d’une amende de deux cent cinquante mille à cinq cent mille francs ou de l’une de ces deux peines seulement, quiconque, sciemment: détruit, tronque ou modifie un document ou une information; falsifie un document ou établit un faux document ou fournit une fausse information. Article 26. Est puni d’une amende de cent mille à cinq cent mille francs, quiconque, sciemment: occulte un document ou une information; fait obstruction de quelque manière que ce soit à la délivrance de document ou d’information. Encourent les mêmes peines, les coauteurs et complices des infractions citées aux articles 25 et 26 de la présente loi.	2/2 21. La CAIDP peut infliger une astreinte par jour de retard à l’organisme public mis en cause dans les cas suivants: le refus de réceptionner une demande sans motif légitime; le rejet d’une demande sans motivation; l’absence de réponse à une demande dans les délais prévus aux articles 12 et 13 de la présente loi. Decree 2014-462 of 6 August 2014, 31(4). En cas de non-respect de ses décisions, le Conseil peut infliger à l'organisme concerné l'amende prévue à l’article 20 de la loi n°2013-867 du 23 décembre 2013 susvisée. (5) Cette amende est fixée à 360.000 Francs. 32. La CAIDP peut infliger une astreinte par jour de retard a l’organisme public mis en cause, dans le case suivants: - refus de receptionner une demande sans motif légitime - rejet d’une demande sans motivation - absence de reponse a une demande dans les délais prévus aux articles 12 et 13 de la loi n°2013-867 du 23 décembre 2013 susvisée.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	4/8	4
51	Mexico	2/2 Article 206. The Federal Act and those of the States will set forth as penalty causes for breach of its obligations under the terms of this Act, at least the following: I. The lack of response to requests for information within the time speci ed in the applicable regulations; II. Acting with negligence, willful misconduct or bad faith in the substantiation of requests regarding access to information or by not disseminating information concerning the transparency obligations under this Act; III. Not meeting the deadlines under this Act; IV. Using, removing, disclosing, hiding, altering, mutilating, destroying or rendering useless, totally or partially, without legitimate cause, according to a relevant authority, the information in the custody of the regulated entities and their Public Servants or to which they have access or knowledge by reason of their employment, office or commission; V. Delivering incomprehensible, incomplete information, in an inaccessible format or a mode of shipment or delivery di erent from the one requested by the user in his request for access to information, responding without proper grounds as established by this Act; VI. Not updating the information corresponding to the transparency obligations within the terms set forth in this Act; VII. Intentionally or negligently declaring the lack of information when the regulated entity should generate it, derived from the exercise of its powers, duties or functions; VIII. Declaring the lack of information when it wholly or partly exists in its archives; IX. Not documenting with intent or negligence, the exercise of its powers, duties, functions or acts of authority in accordance with applicable regulations; X. Performing acts to intimidate those seeking information or inhibit the exercise of the right; XI. Intentionally denying information not classi ed as secret or con dential; XII. Classifying as confidential, intentionally or negligently, the information without it meeting the characteristics indicated in this Act. The penalty shall apply when there is a prior ruling by the Guarantor Agency, which is nal; XIII. Not declassifying information as secret when the reasons that gave rise thereto no longer exist or have expired, when the Guarantor Agency determines that there is a cause of public concern that persists or no extension is requested by the Transparency Committee; XIV. Not meeting the requirements laid down in this Act, issued by the Guarantor Agencies, or XV. Not complying with the resolutions issued by the Guarantor Agencies in the exercise of their functions. The Federal Act and those of the States shall establish the criteria to qualify the penalties, according to the seriousness of the o ense and, where appropriate, the economic conditions of the o ender and recidivism. Likewise, they shall include the type of penalties, procedures and terms for implementation. The penalties of an economic character may not be paid with public funds.	1/2 Article 201. Guarantor Agencies, within the scope of their powers, may impose on the Public Servant responsible to comply with the resolution, or members of trade unions, political parties or the individual or company responsible, the following enforcement measures to ensure compliance with its determinations: I. Public admonition, or II. Fine of one hundred fifty to five hundred times the general minimum wage in force in the geographical area concerned. The Federal Act and those of the States shall establish the criteria to qualify the enforcement measures, according to the seriousness of the offense and, where appropriate, the economic conditions of the offender and recidivism. Failure of the regulated entities will be posted on the websites of transparency obligations of Guarantor Agencies and considered in the assessments made thereof. In case the non-compliance of the determinations of Guarantor Agencies involves the alleged commission of a crime or of the conducts outlined in Article 206 of this Act, the respective Guarantor Agency shall report the facts to the competent authority. The enforcement measures of an economic character may not be paid with public funds. Article 210. In those cases where the alleged offender has the quality of Public Servant, the Institute or the Guarantor Agency must submit to the competent authority together with the corresponding report, a record in which all the elements that sustain the alleged administrative responsibility are contained. The authority hearing the case shall report the conclusion of the proceedings and, where appropriate, the execution of the penalty to the Institute or the Guarantor Agency, as appropriate.	0/2	1/2 Translation of article 219 of the Federal Criminal Code: The crime of intimidation: (I) The public servant who themselves, or through an intermediary, using physical or moral violence, inhibit or intimidates anyone to avoid it or a third denounce, to make a complaint or provide information on the alleged commission of conduct sanctioned by the Criminal law or by the Federal Accountability Act Public Servants, and (II) The public servant in connection with the complaint or information referred to in the preceding section perform unlawful conduct or omit a lawful due to injures the interests of the people who submit or contribute, or any third party with whom such persons keep any family relationship, business or affective. Whoever commits the offense of intimidation will be imposed two years to nine years in prison, a fine in the amount of thirty to three hundred times the minimum daily wage in the Federal District at the time of the offense, dismissal and disqualification for two years to nine years to perform another job, position or commission.	4/8	4
52	Netherlands	2/2 Netherlands Criminal Law.	0/2	0/2	2/2	4/8	4
53	North Macedonia	2/2 Art. 39 "A fine of 30,000 to 50,000 denars shall be imposed for an offense to the responsible person i.e. the official with the information holder having failed to provide information of public character in accordance with the provisions of the present Law."	0/2	0/2	2/2 Art. 38 "Any responsibility shall be removed from an employee within the information holder that shall disclose protected information, in case such information be of significance for the disclosure of abuse of power and corruptive behavior, as well as for the prevention of serious threats to human health and life and the environment."	4/8	4
54	Pakistan	2/2 20(1) The Information Commission shall have all the powers, direct or incidental, as are necessary to perform its functions as provided for in this Act and the power to acquire, hold and dispose of property including the power to- (f) impose on the official a fine equivalent to his salary for one day, for a maximum of one hundred days, who has acted willfully to obstruct any activity which is required to be undertaken by this Act, including preventing or delaying the disclosure of information to an applicant; (h) the Information Commission after determination of willful destruction of record shall refer such matters to the relevant agencies; 22 ( i) Any person who acts wilfully to obstruct the implementation of this Act including by- (a) obstructing access to any information or record with a view to preventing the exercise of a right provided for in this Act; (b) obstructing the performance by a public body of a duty under this Act; (c) interfering with the work of the Information Commission; or (d) destroying a record without lawful authority, shall be punishable with a fine not exceeding fifty thousand Rupees. (2) In addition to any other action that may be taken under any other law for the time being in force, any person who wilfully destroys a record which at the time it was destroyed was the subject of an application for access to information or appeal or otherwise obstructs access to information which is the subject of an application or appeal, with the intention of preventing its disclosure under this Act, commits an offence punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or with fine which shall not be less than one hundred thousand Rupees or with both.	0/2 N/A	2/2 23 No suit, prosecution or legal proceedings shall lie against the principal officer, designated official or any other person of a public body in respect of anything which in good faith is done or purported to have been done under this Act and the rules made thereunder.	0/2 N/A	4/8	4
55	Peru	2/2 22 Información que deben publicar todas las Entidades de la Administración Pública: Toda Entidad de la Administración Pública publicará, trimestralmente, lo siguiente: 1. Su Presupuesto, especificando: los ingresos, gastos, financiamiento, y resultados operativos de conformidad con los clasificadores presupuestales vigentes. 2. Los proyectos de inversión pública en ejecución, especificando: el presupuesto total de proyecto, el presupuesto del período correspondiente y su nivel de ejecución y el presupuesto acumulado. 3. Información de su personal especificando: personal activo y, de ser el caso, pasivo, número de funcionarios, directivos, profesionales, técnicos, auxiliares, sean éstos nombrados o contratados por un período mayor a tres (3) meses en el plazo de un año, sin importar el régimen laboral al que se encuentren sujetos, o la denominación del presupuesto o cargo que desempeñen; rango salarial por categoría y el total del gasto de remuneraciones, bonificaciones, y cualquier otro concepto de índole remunerativo, sea pensionable o no. 4. Información contenida en el Registro de procesos de selección de contrataciones y adquisiciones, especificando: los valores referenciales, nombres de contratistas, montos de los contratos, penalidades y sanciones y costo final, de ser el caso. 5. Los progresos realizados en los indicadores de desempeño establecidos en los planes estratégicos institucionales o en los indicadores que les serán aplicados, en el caso de entidades que hayan suscrito Convenios de Gestión. Las Entidades de la Administración Pública están en la obligación de remitir la referida información al Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, para que éste la incluya en su portal de internet, dentro de los cinco (5) días calendario siguientes a su publicación.	0/2 21 Mecanismos de Publicación y Metodología: La publicación de la información a la que se refiere esta norma podrá ser realizada a través de los portales de Internet de las entidades, o a través de los diarios de mayor circulación en las localidades, donde éstas se encuentren ubicadas, así como a través de otros medios de acuerdo a la infraestructura de la localidad. El reglamento establecerá los mecanismos de divulgación en aquellas localidades en las que el número de habitantes no justifiquen la publicación por dichos medios. La metodología y denominaciones empleadas en la elaboración de la información, deberán ser publicadas expresamente, a fin de permitir un apropiado análisis de la información. Cuando la presente norma disponga que la información debe ser divulgada trimestralmente, ésta deberá publicarse dentro de los treinta (30) días calendario siguientes de concluido cada trimestre, y comprenderá, para efectos de comparación, la información de los dos períodos anteriores.	2/2 4 Responsabilidades y Sanciones: Todas las entidades de la Administración Pública quedan obligadas a cumplir lo estipulado en la presente norma. Los funcionarios o servidores públicos que incumplieran con las disposiciones a que se refiere esta Ley serán sancionados por la comisión de una falta grave, pudiendo ser incluso denunciados penalmente por la comisión de delito de Abuso de Autoridad a que hace referencia el Artículo 377° del Código Penal. El cumplimiento de esta disposición no podrá dar lugar a represalias contra los funcionarios responsables de entregar la información solicitada.	0/2 N/A	4/8	4
56	Slovenia	2/2 Art 39. "(1) A fine of at least SIT 250.000 shall be imposed upon a person for the misdemeanor of destruction of a document, a case, a dossier, a register, a record or a documentary material containing public information, with the intention of making such information inaccessible to the public."	2/2 Information Commissioner Act Article 15. (Liability for violations) "(1) A fine in range of SIT 100.000 to SIT 250.000 will be imposed upon an official responsible for a violation, with which according to the provision of Article 10(1) of this Act, while delivering the applicant's appeal, in spite so requested, the official fails to transfer to the Information Commissioner the demanded document, case, dossier, register, record or documentary material, although they are in the bodies' possession. (2) A fine in range of SIT 100.000 to SIT 250.000 will be imposed upon an official responsible for a violation, when according to the provision of Article 10(3) of this Act, in spite of the Information Commissioners decision, the official fails to transfer the required document, case, dossier, register, record or documentary material to the applicant. (3) A fine in range of SIT 100.000 to SIT 250.000 will be imposed upon a responsible official of the data controller, who in spite of the Information Commissioner's decision on a case of applicant's appeal from point 3 of Article 2(1) of this Act, fails to assure the applicant the right defined in point 3 of Article 2(1)." Access to Public Information Act Article 39 (Liability for misdemeanor) "(1) A fine of at least SIT 250.000 shall be imposed upon a person for the misdemeanor of destruction of a document, a case, a dossier, a register, a record or a documentary material containing public information, with the intention of making such information inaccessible to the public. (2) A fine of at least SIT 350.000 shall be imposed upon a responsible person of the body for the misdemeanor of destruction of a document, a case, a dossier, a register, a record or a documentary material containing public information, with the intention of making such information inaccessible to the public. (3) A fine of at least SIT 150.000 and at most SIT 300.000 shall be imposed upon an official of the body for the misdemeanor, if this person does not, without justification, transmit the requested public information within the prescribed time limit or does not publish the catalogue of public information or in a larger extent other prescribed information or does not submit the annual report from first paragraph of Article 37 of this Act in the prescribed deadline. (4) A fine of SIT 150.000 to SIT 300.000 shall be imposed upon an individual, and a fine of SIT 300.000 to SIT 3.000.000 upon a legal person or an entrepreneur, who re-uses the public information for commercial purposes, for which the body charges a price or states other conditions and the body did not allow such re-use." Article 10 (Transmission of information to the World Wide Web) "(1)Each body is obliged to transmit to the World Wide Web the following public information: 1. Consolidated texts of regulations relating to the field of work of the body, linked to the state register of regulations on the Web; 2. Programmes, strategies, views, opinions and instructions of general nature important for the interaction of the body with natural and legal persons and for deciding on their rights or obligations respectively, studies, and other similar documents relating to the field of work of the body; 3. Proposals for regulations, programmes, strategies, and other similar documents relating to the field of work of the body; 4. All publications and tendering documentation in accordance with regulations governing public procurements; 5. Information on their activities and administrative, judicial and other services; 6. All public information requested by the applicants at least three times; 7. Other public information. (2) Each body should facilitate, free of charge, access to information referred to in the preceding paragraph. (3) The Ministry also enables access to information from the first paragraph via the joint government portal e-uprava."	0/2	0/2	4/8	4
57	Sri Lanka	2/2 Section 38. (1) Where (a) any information officer willfully - (i) refuses to receive an application for information from any citizen; (ii) refuses a request made for information, without giving reasons for such refusal; (iii) stipulates excessive fees in breach of the fee Schedule referred to in section 14 (e); (iv) otherwise fails to process a request in accordance with the provisions of this Act; or (b) any designated officer willfully (i) under section 31 refuses an appeal, made on any ground other than a ground specified in section 5 of this Act; (ii) failed without any reasonable cause to make a decision on an appeal, within the time specified under section 31(3) for making such decision, the Commission shall, bring the matter to the notice of the appropriate disciplinary authority. (2) The relevant disciplinary authority shall inform the Commission of the steps taken in respect of any matter brought to the notice of such disciplinary authority within a period of one month. Section 39. (1) Every person who (a) deliberately obstructs the provision of information or intentionally provides incorrect, incomplete or inaccurate information; (b) destroys, invalidates, alters or totally or partially conceal information under his or her custody, or to which he or she has access to or knowledge of due to the exercise of his or her employment in such public authority; (c) fails or refuses to appear before the Commission when requested to do so by the Commission; (d) appears before the Commission, and fails or refuses to be examined by the Commission or to produce any information which is in that persons possession or power or deliberately provides false information under oath or affirmation; (e) fails or refuses to comply with or give effect to a decision of the Commission; (f) resists or obstructs the Commission or any officer or other employee of the Commission, in the exercise of any power conferred on the Commission or such officer or employee, by this Act; (g) discloses any information in contravention of the provisions of section 12(7) of this Act, commits an offence under this Act and shall on conviction after summary trial by a Magistrate be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand rupees or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment. (2) Any officer whose assistance was sought for by an information officer under section 23(3) and who fails without reasonable cause to provide such assistance, shall commit an offence under this Act, and shall on conviction after summary trial by a Magistrate be liable to a fine not exceeding ten thousand rupees. (3) A fine imposed for the commission of an offence referred to in subsection (1) or (2) of this section, shall be in addition to and not in derogation of any disciplinary action that may be taken against such officer by the relevant authority empowered to do so. (4) A prosecution under this Act shall be instituted by the Commission.	0/2	2/2 Section 21. Any expenses incurred by any member, officer or employee of the Commission in any suit or prosecution brought by or against such person before any court in respect of any act or omission which is done or purported to be done by such person in good faith for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act shall, if the court holds that such act or omission was done in good faith, be paid out of the fund of the Commission unless such expenses are recovered by him in such suit or prosecution. Section 30. No liability, whether civil or criminal, shall attach to any public authority or any information officer or any other officer of such public authority, for anything which in good faith is done by such officer in the performance or exercise of any function or power imposed or assigned to such officer under this Act. Section 40. Notwithstanding any legal or other obligation to which a person may be subject to by virtue of being an officer or employee of any public authority, no officer or employee of a public authority shall be subjected to any punishment, disciplinary or otherwise, for releasing or disclosing any information which is permitted to be released or disclosed under this Act.	0/2	4/8	4
58	Sweden	2/2 Article 6 " If proceedings can be taken by means of disciplinary measures against an official who, in disregarding the obligations of his office or his commission, has committed an error, the Ombudsmen may report the matter to those empowered to decide on such measures. Should the Ombudsmen consider it necessary that the official be dismissed or temporarily deprived of his office because of criminal acts or gross or repeated misconduct, the Ombudsman may report the matter to those empowered to decide on such a measure. When an Ombudsman has made a report of the kind referred to in the two preceding paragraphs, he is to be given the opportunity to supplement his own inquiry into the case, and to submit an opinion on any inquiry into the case carried out by some other person, as well as the right to be present if oral questioning occurs. This is not to apply, however, if the case concerns temporary deprival of office. Act (1998:540)"	0/2	0/2	2/2 Act on Special Protection Against Victimisation of Workers Who are Sounding the Alarm About Serious Wrongdoings (also known as \'the Whistleblowing Act\') came into force on 1 Jan. 2017.	4/8	4
59	United States	1/2 Clause (a)(4)(F): Whenever the court orders the production of any agency records improperly withheld from the complainant and assesses against the United States reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs, and the court additionally issues a written finding that the circumstances surrounding the withholding raise questions whether agency personnel acted arbitrarily or capriciously with respect to the withholding, the Special Counsel shall promptly initiate a proceeding to determine whether disciplinary action is warranted against the officer or employee who was primarily responsible for the withholding. The Special Counsel, after investigation and consideration of the evidence submitted, shall submit his findings and recommendations to the administrative authority of the agency concerned and shall send copies of the findings and recommendations to the officer or employee or his representative. The administrative authority shall take the corrective action that the Special Counsel recommends.	1/2 N/A	0/2 Not listed in the law, or any surrounding regulation I could find. Plus - this isn't really applicable since the oversight bodies don't actually release information.	2/2 Yes - through the Whistleblower Protection Act - http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33918.pdf	4/8	4
60	Belize	1/2 21B. Every principal officer of a Ministry, Department or prescribed authority who refuses or neglects without cause to provide access to public documents in accordance with the provisions of the Act, is guilty of an offence against discipline and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars by the authority responsible for exercising disciplinary control over such officer, or such other penalty, including dismissal, as the said authority may consider appropriate in all the circumstances of the case.	0/2 N/A	2/2 SECTION 44 (1) Where access has been given to a document and (a) the access was required by this Act to be given; or (b) the access was authorized by a Minister, or by an officer having authority, in accordance with section 20 or 36, to make decisions in respect of requests, in the bona fide belief that the access was required by this Act to be given, no action for defamation or breach of confidence lies by reason of the authorizing or giving of the access, against the Government or a prescribed authority or against the Minister or officer who authorised the access or any person who gave the access. (2) The giving of access to a document (including an exempt document) in consequence of a request shall not be taken, for the purposes of the law relating to defamation or breach of confidence, to constitute an authorization or approval of the publication of the document or of its contents by the person to whom the access was given SECTION 45 Where access has been given to a document and- (a) the access was required by this Act to be given; or (b) the access was authorised by a Minister or by an officer having authority, in accordance with section 20 or 36, to make decisions in respect of requests, in the bona fide belief that the access was required by this Act to be given, neither the person authorising the access nor any person concerned in the giving of the access is guilty of a criminal offence by reason only of the authorising or giving of the access.	0/2 N/A	3/8	3
61	Benin	1/2 71:... Toute entrave aux droits d’accès à l’information est passible de sanction administrative et/ou judiciaire.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/2 73: Les agents peuvent dévoiler et fournir des preuves de tous comportements illicites dans l’administration publique. Sauf dénonciation calomnieuse, ils n’encourent, ce faisant, aucune sanction administrative ou mesure disciplinaire.	3/8	3
62	Brazil	2/2 Article 7. Regardless of external requests, public bodies and entities shall promote the disclosure of the information they either produce or keep, be it of collective or general interest, in their respective websites, in compliance with the provisions established in article 7 and article 8 of Law No. 12,527, of 2011.(...) Paragraph 4. The above information may be disclosed through a webpage redirecting tool, in case the said information is available at other government websites. Article 32. The authority or other public agent who classifies the information under the top - secret or secret level shall submit a copy of the TCI to the Mixed Committee for the Reassessment of Information within thirty days, to be counted from the issuance of the decision related to the classification or the ratification.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/2 Article 44. Chapter IV of Title IV of the Law nr. 8,112, of December 11th 1990, shall be in effect in addition to the following article: "Article 126-A. No public server will be held liable on the civil, criminal or administrative level for letting his or her superior authority or, when there is a suspicion of the involvement of the latter, another competent authority know, for the purpose of investigation, of the information concerning the practice of crimes or improbity of which he or she is aware of, even if such action is a result of the exercise of his or her position, job or public function."	3/8	3
63	Burkina Faso	1/2 Article 83: Les sanctions administratives encourues aux termes de la présente loi sont : - la lettre d’explication ; - l’avertissement ; - le blâme ; - la suspension de fonction ; - la rétrogradation ; - la révocation. Article 85 : Est puni d’une amende de cinquante mille (50 000) à deux cent mille (200 000) francs CFA, quiconque donne accès à un document ou à un renseignement dont la présente loi ne permet pas la communication ou auquel un organisme de service public, conformément à la présente loi, refuse de donner accès. Article 86 : Nonobstant les sanctions disciplinaires encourues pour obstruction à l’exercice du droit d’accès à l’information et aux documents administratifs, l’agent peut faire l’objet de poursuites pénales, conformément aux dispositions de la loi portant protection des archives et au code pénal. Article 87 : Est puni d’une amende de deux cent mille (200 000) à trois cent mille (300 000) francs CFA, quiconque entrave le déroulement d’une enquête, d’une inspection ou l’instruction d’une demande par l’Autorité nationale d’accès à l’information publique en lui communiquant, sciemment, des renseignements faux ou inexacts.	0/2 N/A	2/2 Article 72 : Les organismes de service public ne peuvent poursuivre ni sanctionner un agent public pour avoir communiqué, de bonne foi, les informations publiques et les documents administratifs régis par les dispositions des articles 35, 40 et 47 à 51 de la présente loi.	0/2 N/A	3/8	3
64	Cook Islands	1/2 27. Offences - Every person commits an offence against this Act and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200 who- (a) Without lawful justification or excuse, wilfully obstructs, hinders, or resists the Ombudsman or any other person in the exercise of his powers under this Act; (b) Without lawful justification or excuse, refuses or wilfully fails to comply with any lawful requirement of the Ombudsman or any other person under this Act; (c) Wilfully makes any false statement to or misleads or attempts to mislead the Ombudsman or any other person in the exercise of his powers under this Act; (d) Represents directly or indirectly that he holds any authority under this Act when he does not hold that authority.	0/2 N/A	2/2 Protection against certain actions - (1) Where any official information is made available in good faith pursuant to this Act – (a) no proceedings, civil or criminal, shall lie against the Crown or any other person in respect of the making available of that information, or for any consequences that follow from the making available of that information; and (b) no proceedings, civil or criminal, in respect of any publication involved in, or resulting from, the making available of that information shall lie against the author of the information or any other person by reason of that author or other person having supplied the information to a Ministry or Minister of the Crown or organisation. (2) The making available of, or the giving access to, any official information in consequence of a request made under this Act shall not be taken, for the purposes of the law relating to defamation or breach of confidence or infringement of copyright, to constitute an authorization or approval of the publication of the document or of its contents by the person to whom the information is made available or the access is given.	0/2 N/A	3/8	3
65	Ecuador	2/2 ARTICLE 23 "Sanción a funcionarios y/o empleados públicos y privados.- Los funcionarios de las entidades de la Administración Pública y demás entes señalados en el artículo 1 de la presente Ley, que incurrieren en actos u omisiones de denegación ilegítima de acceso a la información pública, entendiéndose ésta como información que ha sido negada total o parcialmente ya sea por información incompleta, alterada o falsa que proporcionaron o debieron haber proporcionado, serán sancionados, según la gravedad de la falta, y sin perjuicio de las acciones civiles y penales a que hubiere lugar,(...)"	1/2 ARTICLE 23 "Sanción a funcionarios y/o empleados públicos y privados.- Los funcionarios de las entidades de la Administración Pública y demás entes señalados en el artículo 1 de la presente Ley, que incurrieren en actos u omisiones de denegación ilegítima de acceso a la información pública, entendiéndose ésta como información que ha sido negada total o parcialmente ya sea por información incompleta, alterada o falsa que proporcionaron o debieron haber proporcionado, serán sancionados, según la gravedad de la falta, y sin perjuicio de las acciones civiles y penales a que hubiere lugar,"	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	3/8	3
66	Finland	2/2 [Criminal Code of Finland] Chapter 40, section 9(1) If a public official, when acting in his or her office, intentionally in a manner other than provided above in this chapter violates his or her official duty based on the provisions or regulations to be followed in official functions, and the act, when assessed as a whole, taking into consideration its detrimental and harmful effect and the other circumstances connected with the act, is not petty, he or she shall be sentenced for violation of official duty to a fine or to imprisonment for at most one year. (2) The public official may also be sentenced to dismissal if he or she is guilty of the offence referred to in subsection 1 by continuously or essentially acting in violation of his or her official duties, and the offence indicates that he or she is manifestly unfit for his or her duties.	1/2 [Criminal Code of Finland]	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	3/8	3
67	Guatemala	2/2 Artículo 34. Tratamiento de los datos personales. Los titulares o sus representantes legales podrán solicitar, previa acreditación, que modifiquen sus datos personales contenidos en cualquier sistema de información. Con tal propósito, el interesado debe entregar una solicitud de modificaciones, en la que señale el sistema de datos personales, indique las modificaciones que desea realizar y aporte la documentación que motive su petición. El sujeto obligado debe entregar al solicitante, en un plazo no mayor de treinta días hábiles desde la presentación de la solicitud, una resolución que haga constar las modificaciones o bien, le informe de manera fundamentada, las razones por las cuales no procedieron las mismas. Artículo 41. Solicitud de información. Todo acceso a la información pública se realizará a petición del interesado, en la que se consignarán los siguientes datos: 1. Identificación del sujeto obligado a quien se dirija; 2. Identificación del solicitante; y, 3. Identificación clara y precisa de la información que se solicita. La solicitud de información no estará sujeta a ninguna otra formalidad, ni podrá exigirse la manifestación de una razón o interés específico como requisito de la misma. Artículo 59. Sentido de la resolución de la máxima autoridad. Las resoluciones de la máxima autoridad podrán: 1. Confirmar la decisión de la Unidad de Información; 2. Revocar o modificar las decisiones de la Unidad de Información y ordenar a la dependencia o entidad que permita al particular el acceso a la información solicitada, la entrega de la misma o las modificaciones, correcciones o supresiones a los datos personales sensibles solicitados. Las resoluciones, deben constar por escrito y establecer el plazo para su cumplimiento y los procedimientos para asegurar la ejecución.	1/2 Emitida la resolución de la máxima autoridad, declarando la procedencia o improcedencia de las pretensiones del recurrente, conminará en su caso al obligado para que dé exacto cumplimiento a lo resuelto dentro del plazo de cinco días, bajo apercibimiento, en caso de incumplimiento, de certificar lo conducente ante el órgano jurisdiccional competente, y sin perjuicio de dictarse todas aquellas medidas de carácter administrativo y las que conduzcan a la inmediata ejecución de lo resuelto. Agotado el procedimiento de revisión se tendrá por concluida la fase administrativa pudiendo el interesado interponer la acción de amparo respectiva a efecto hacer prevalecer su derecho constitucional, sin perjuicio de las acciones legales de otra índole.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	3/8	3
68	Indonesia	2/2 52. A Public Agency that deliberately ignores to supply, give and/or publish Public Information that must be made available periodically, Public Information that must be published immediately, Public Information that must be available at any time, and/or Public Information to be supplied on the basis of a request pursuant to this Law that results in a loss to others is sentenced to prison for a maximum of 1 (one) year and/or is fined for a maximum of Rp. 5,000,000.00 (five million rupiah). 53. Every person who deliberately and against the law demolishes, destroys and/or loses Public Information documents of any form of media that is protected by the state and/or is related to the interest of the public is sentenced with imprisonment of a maximum of 2 (two) years and/or is fined with a maximum f Rp. 10,000,000.00 (ten million rupiah).	1/2 52. A Public Agency that deliberately ignores to supply, give and/or publish Public Information that must be made available periodically, Public Information that must be published immediately, Public Information that must be available at any time, and/or Public Information to be supplied on the basis of a request pursuant to this Law that results in a loss to others is sentenced to prison for a maximum of 1 (one) year and/or is fined for a maximum of Rp. 5,000,000.00 (five million rupiah).	0/2 N/A	0/2 54(1) Every person who deliberately and unrightfully accesses and/or acquires and/or supplies information that is exempted as regulated in Article 17 letter a, letter b, letter d, letter f. letter g. letter h, letter I, and letter j, is sentenced to a prison with a maximum of 2 (two) years and is fined with a maximum of Rp. 10,000,000.00 (ten million rupiah). (2) Every person who deliberately and unrightfully accesses and/or acquires and/or supplies information that is classified as regulated in Article 17 letter c and letter e, is sentenced to a prison with a maximum of 3 (three) years and is fined with a maximum of Rp. 20,000,000.00 (twenty million rupiah). 55. Every person who deliberately makes a Public Information that is incorrect or misleading and results in a loss to others is sentenced to prison with a maximum of 1 (one) year and/or is fined with a maximum of Rp. 5,000,000.00 (five million rupiah).	3/8	3
69	Kuwait	2/2 14. Shall be punished by imprisonment for a duration that does not exceed two years and a fine that does not exceed Three Thousand Dinars or by one of these two penalties: 1. Every competent employee who refrained from providing the information to the applicant with no legal grounds. 2. Every competent employee who gave erroneous information to the applicant. 3. The person who intentionally destroyed documents pertaining to the information. 4. Everyone who violates the confidentiality of the information which was decided by virtue of this law or any other law.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/2 Law No. 2 of 2016 On Establishing Kuwait Anti-Corruption Authority and the Provisions on Disclosure of Assets and Liabilities, 40. The whistleblower shall be afforded protection from the time he or she submits the report, and the protection shall extend to include his or her spouse, relatives and all other persons closely connected to him, when necessary. 41. Protection of the whistleblower shall include the following: 1. Providing the whistleblower with personal protection: by not revealing his identity or whereabouts, and providing him with personal guards or a new place of residence, if circumstances so require.2. Providing the whistleblower with the administrative and occupational protection: by preventing any administrative action against him and guaranteeing the continuity of his employment salary, rights and benefits during the period decided by the Authority. 3. Providing the whistleblower with the legal protection: by not bringing a criminal, civil, disciplinary case against him, when the report fulfils the conditions contained in Article (38) hereof. The executive regulations shall determine other methods and procedures of protection and the forms thereof. 42. The executive regulations shall determine the means that the Authority may provide for the whistleblower, through which he can give his Statements in a manner that ensures all his material, moral and administrative guarantees to ensure his safety. 43. The State shall compensate the whistleblower or his heirs for any material or moral damages he may suffer from, as a result of the submission of the report, meeting the conditions contained in Article (38) hereof. The executive regulations shall set out the material and moral incentives that may be granted to the whistleblower and the conditions for granting them.	3/8	3
70	Moldova	1/2 24. Consequences of information-access violation Depending on the severity of the consequences caused by an illegal refusal, on the part of the public officer in charge, to provide official information and documents, to provide access to requested information, the court of law will impose sanctions in accordance with the current legislation, the reparation of the damage caused by an unjustified refusal to provide information, or by other actions violating the right to free access to information, as well the undelayed fulfillment of the applicant's request.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/2 7. Official information with limited access (5) No one can be punished for the fact that he or she made public information with limited access, if releasing this information does not damage or cannot damage legitimate interests related to national security, or if the public interest for knowing the information is larger than the damage that can result from its dissemination.	3/8	3
71	Mongolia	2/2 14.3. An organization specified in the article 3.1 of this law is prohibited to illegally destroy information in its possession and infringe rights of citizen to exercise his/her right to receive information. 25.1. Any one of the disciplinary liabilities, those are provided in the article 26 of the Law on Civil Service, shall be imposed on the civil servant, considering the characters of the violation, who violated the laws and legislations on the Information transparency and right to information by the competent authority who appointed the civil servant. 25.2. A civil servant who repeatedly or seriously violated the right of the citizen and legal entity to receive information shall be dismissed from his job on the ground specified in the provision 25.1.1 of the Law on Civil Service by the competent official. 25.3. A judge shall fine the respective decision making person who violated the article 25.2 of this Law by tugrugs equal to five times the minimum labor wage.	1/2 25.3. A judge shall fine the respective decision making person who violated the article 25.2 of this Law by tugrugs equal to five times the minimum labor wage.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	3/8	3
72	Morocco	1/2 27. La personne en charge visée à l'article 12 ci-dessus sera passible de poursuite disciplinaire, conformément aux textes législatifs en vigueur, s'il s'abstient de fournir les informations demandées conformément aux dispositions de la présente loi, sauf si sa bonne foi est prouvée. 28. Est considérée coupable de l'infraction de divulgation du secret professionnel aux termes de l'article 446 du Code pénal quiconque aura enfreint les dispositions de l'article 7 de la présente loi, sauf qualification plus sévère des faits. 29. Toute altération du contenu des informations obtenues ayant porté préjudice à l'institution ou l'organisme concerné ou utilisation ou réutilisation de ces informations ayant porté atteinte ou préjudice à l'intérêt général ou atteinte aux droits d'autrui en court pour la personne qui a obtenu ou utilisé lesdites informations, selon le cas, des sanctions prévues à l'article 360 du Code pénal.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/2 Witness and Whistle-blower Protection Law, 2011	3/8	3
73	Mozambique	1/2 ARTIGO 11 (Urgent Requests) 2. The official or agent responsible of ensuring the right to information or any other official or agent in charge of making the information available is disciplinary liable for the frustration of the pretension, if there is evidence that he acted negligently disclosing lately the information requested with urgency.	0/2 N/A	0/2 ARTIGO 19 (Incorrect disclosure of information) In case of errors in the disclosure of classified information, the liability of the applicant who divulgated it is excluded. ARTIGO 37 (Violation of the Secrecy) 1. The violation of the professional secrecy is sanctioned according to the dispositions ruling the activities or the applicable labor law legislation. 2. The sanctions for the violation of the judicial secrecy are regulated by its own legislation. 3. The dispositions of the banking law applies to the violation of the banking secrecy. ARTIGO 38 (Violation of Human Dignity) Without prejudice to the civil liability, the sanctions for the crimes against the honor provided by the criminal law applies to the violation of personality rights . ARTIGO 39 (Violation of the State secrecy) 1. Without prejudice to the application of the disciplinary regulations, the violation of the State secrecy is punished according to the proper dispositions. 2. Without prejudice to the application of the sanctions as in the previous number, the entities who shall observe the State secrecy may use administrative measures to impede the access or the disclosure of confidential information. The citizen may appeal towards this measures. ARTIGO 40 (Violation of the industrial and intellectual property) Specific legislation applies to the disclosure and divulgation of information protected by industrial or intellectual property . ARTIGO 41 (Misuse of information) 1. The misuse of information is punished in terms of defamation injury and libel by the Criminal Law. 2. Without prejudice to the previous number, the misuse of information can be punished by other criminal dispositions.	2/2 N/A	3/8	3
74	Nicaragua	2/2 Artículo 47.- Será sancionado con multa de uno a seis meses de su salario mensual el servidor público que: a. Deniegue sin causa justa información pública que se le solicite. b. Destruya total o parcialmente o altere información pública que tenga a su cargo. c. Entregue, copie, difunda o comercialice información pública reservada. d. Clasifique como información reservada aquella que es pública. Todo sin perjuicio de las atribuciones y facultades de la Asamblea Nacional.	1/2 Artículo 49.- El titular de cada entidad que indebidamente y en contravención a esta Ley, clasifique como información reservada, aquella que es pública, será sancionado pecuniariamente con la tercera parte de su salario mensual de uno a seis meses.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	3/8	3
75	Trinidad and Tobago	1/2 42. (2) A person who willfully destroys or damages a record or document required to be maintained and preserved under subsection (1), commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of five thousand dollars and imprisonment for six months. (3) A person who knowingly destroys or damages a record or document which is required to be maintained and preserved under subsection (1) while a request for access to the record or document is pending commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine of ten thousand dollars and imprisonment for two years.	0/2 N/A	2/2 38. (1) Where access to a document has been given in accordance with the requirements of this Act or in good faith, in the belief that it was required to be given in accordance with this Act, unless malice is proved - (a) no action for defamation, breach of confidence or infringement of copyright may be brought against the public authority or against the responsible Minister, or an officer or employee of the public authority as a result of the giving of access; (b) no action for defamation or breach of confidence may be brought, in respect of any publication involved in the giving of access by the public authority, against - (I) any person who was the author of the document; or (II) any person as a result of that person having supplied the document or the information contained in it to the public authority; (d) no person shall be guilty of an offence by reason only of having authorised, or having been involved in the giving of the access. (2) The giving of access to a document, including an exempt document, in consequence of a request shall not be taken for the purposes of the law relating to defamation, breach of confidence or copyright, to constitute an authorisation or approval of the publication of the document or its contents by the person to whom access is given. (3) Nothing in this Act affects any privilege, whether qualified or absolute, which may attach at common law to the publishing of a statement.	0/2 N/A	3/8	3
76	Ukraine	2/2 24.1 Responsibility for violation of legislation on access to public information shall be borne by persons guilty of commission of the following offences: 1) failure to provide a reply to the request; 2) failure to provide requested information; 3) ungrounded refusal to satisfy information request; 4) failure to publish information in accordance with Article 15 of this Law; 5) provision or publication of false, inaccurate or incomplete information; 6) late provision of information; 7) ungrounded referring of information to information with limited access; 8) failure to register documents; 9) wilful withholding or destruction of information or documents. 24.2 Persons who believe that their rights and legal interests were violated by information administrators shall have the right to seek compensation of material and moral damages in accordance with procedure defined by the law. 3.1 The right of access to public information shall be guaranteed by: (6) legal liability for violation of legislation on access to public information.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/2 11. 1. Officials and officers shall not be subject to legal liability, regardless of the breach of their duties, for disclosure of information about infringements or information concerning serious threat to the health or safety of citizens and environment, if the person was guided by good intentions and had a justified conviction that the information was accurate and contained evidence of infringement or concerned serious threat to the health or safety of citizens and environment. Law of Ukraine ""On the prevention of corruption" includes protection for whistleblowers regarding corruption.	3/8	3
77	Yemen	2/2 58: "A penalty of imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or a fine of not less than one hundred and fifty thousand riyals to each one who has concealed any information due to look at and deliberately under the provisions of this law." 60: "A penalty of imprisonment for a period of not less than three months or a fine of not less than one hundred and fifty thousand riyals to each employee who has violated deliberately the provisions of articles (18-23), (25-27), (51-55), 58) of this law." 61: "A penalty of imprisonment for a period of not less than two years or a fine of not less than five hundred thousand riyals to every person who has deliberately violated the provisions of Article (11) of the Act." 62: "National Information Center is one of those parties that collect and analyze information and maintain them for submission upon request, in accordance with the provisions of this law."	1/2 61: "A penalty of imprisonment for a period of not less than two years or a fine of not less than five hundred thousand riyals to every person who has deliberately violated the provisions of Article (11) of the Act."	0/2	0/2 13: "It is not permitted to in flict any punishment on any employee who has given information to an authorized investigation entity about violations or infringements of this law or who has assisted in any investigation about any violation or infringement of this law. Also, he may not be subject to Disciplinary accountability by the administration to which he is affiliated."	3/8	3
78	Dominican Republic	2/2 ARTICLE 9. El incumplimiento de los plazos establecidos en el artículo anterior, asimismo, cualquier conducta que violente, limite, impida, restrinja u obstaculice el derecho de acceso a la información de acuerdo a lo que establece la presente ley, constituirá para el funcionario una falta grave en el ejercicio de sus funciones, sin perjuicio de la aplicación del régimen sancionatorio que corresponda. ARTICLE 30. El funcionario público o agente responsable que en forma arbitraria denegare, obstruya o impida el acceso del solicitante a la información requerida, será sancionado con pena privativa de libertad de seis meses a dos años de prisión, así como con inhabilitación para el ejercicio de cargos públicos por cinco años.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
79	Fiji	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/2 Article 45(1) If access to information is given pursuant to this Act, and the person providing access to the information believes in good faith that this Act permits or requires the access to be given - (a) no action for defamation or breach of confidence lies against - (i) the Commission; (ii) the public agency; (iii) an employee or officer of the public agency or the information officer of the public agency; or (iv) a person acting under the direction of the Commission, the public agency or information officer of the public agency, by reason of the giving of access to the information; and (b) no action for defamation or breach of confidence in respect of any publication involved in, or resulting from, the giving of access lies against the producer of the information or any other person by reason of the producer or other person having supplied the information to the public agency. (2) The giving of access to information pursuant to this Act is not to be taken to constitute, for the purposes of the law relating to defamation or breach of confidence, an authorization or approval of the publication of the information or its contents by the person to whom access is given. Article 46. If access to a document is given pursuant to this Act, and the person by whom the access is made believes in good faith that this Act permits or requires the access to be given, neither the person who provides access to the information nor any other person concerned in giving access to the information commits an offence merely as a result of the giving of access to the information. Article 47. No matter or thing done by - (a) the Commission; (b) a public agency; or (c) any person acting on behalf, of or under the direction, of the Commission or a public agency, will, if the matter or thing was done in good faith for the purposes of this Act, subject the Commission, the head of the public agency or any person so acting, personally to any action, liability, claim or demand.	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
80	Guinea	1/2 51 (of anti corruption law, Loi L/2017/041/AN du 04 Juillet 2017): La violation des règles de procédure par law loi portant droit d'access à l'information publique et par le Code des marchés est assimilée à la corruption et punie comme telle.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/2 Loi L/2017/041/AN du 04 Juillet 2017, Article 96-106	2/8	2
81	Honduras	2/2 ARTICULO 27. INFRACCIONES ADMINISTRATIVAS. Sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad civil, incurrirá en infracción a esta Ley, quien: 1. Estando obligado por Ley, no proporcionare de oficio o se negare a suministrar la información publica requerida en el tiempo estipulado o de cualquier manera obstaculizare su acceso; 2. Copie, capte, consulte, divulgue o comercialice información reservada cuando la Ley lo prohíbe o en el caso de datos personales, se negare a proporcionarlos a su legitimo titular, sus sucesores o autoridad competente; 3. Elimine, suprima o altere información publica o reservada y los instrumentos que la contengan, sin seguir el procedimiento de depuración previsto en el articulo 32 de la presente Ley; 4. Fuera de los casos previstos en esta Ley, recoja, capte, transmita o divulgue datos personales, o se niegue a rectificarlos, actualizarlos o eliminar información falsa en los datos personales confidenciales contenidos en cualquier archivo, registro o base de datos de las Instituciones Obligadas por esta Ley; y, 5. Estando obligado, de conformidad con el articulo 4, segundo párrafo, de esta Ley, no envié la información relativa a los procedimientos de contratación y las contrataciones mismas a la Oficina Normativa de Contratación y Adquisiciones.	0/2 ARTICULO 11. FUNCIONES Y ATRIBUCIONES DEL IAIP. El IAIP tendrá las siguientes funciones y atribuciones siguientes: [...] 5. Aplicar el marco sancionatorio de la presente Ley; [...]	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
82	Iran	2/2 Article 22. The following acts are crimes if done deliberately and perpetrator will be fined in cash in the amount between 300,000 to 100,000,000 Rials depending on the level of harm, the number of committing of crime and the status of perpetrator: (A) Blocking access to information contrary to the regulation of this law. (B) Any action or non-action that hinders the duties of commission on publication and free access to information or duties of public institutions to inform, in violation of this law. (C) Trivial or general destruction of the information without having the authority. (D) Not following the deadlines of this law in regards to designated deadlines and [due dates]. In case for each of the mentioned crimes a more severe punishment has been designated [under the law], the more severe punishment should be considered in penalizing the perpetrator.	0/2 N/A	0/2 Article 21. Any person, either natural or legal, whose physical and intellectual interests have been damaged as a result of the publication of false information related to this individual has the right to deny the published information or provide explanation about it or demand remedy for the damages the person sustained according to general rules of civil liability. Note - In case, true information is published contrary to the articles of this law, real and legal individuals are entitled to demand remedy for the incurred damages, subject to the general rules of civil liability.	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
83	Japan	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/2 N/A	2/8	2
84	Kyrgyzstan	1/2 43. Persons guilty of violation of the obligation to provide information or other requirements of this Law shall be held liable in accordance with the legislation in the field of state civil and municipal service and the legislation on offenses. Law on Ombudsman, 13.2. In case of any obstacles to an investigation conducted by the Ombudsman (Akyikatchy) on the part of an official of a body of the state, or in case of a refusal or neglect to present a report required by the Ombudsman (Akyikatchy), as well as any acts or administrative documents required for purposes of the investigation, the Ombudsman (Akyikatchy) shall appeal to the Prosecutor General to take appropriate measures. Law on Guarantees, 11(2). Persons that infringed the right for information shall be liable in accordance with the law.	0/2 Not mentioned.	0/2 Not mentioned.	1/2 9. Access to the following information is not restricted:…(10) violations of the law by public sector entities and their officials; See also Law on protection of persons reporting on corruption.	2/8	2
85	Latvia	2/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
86	Luxembourg	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/2 Law on Strengthening the Means to Fight Corruption; Law of 13 February 2011	2/8	2
87	Malta	2/2 Art. 27 establishes that the Commissioner can levy administrative fines to those who fail to comply with his notices. Art. 43. Art. 144 of the Criminal Code shall apply to any person who embezzles, destroys, mutilates or purloins a document with the intent ion of preventing the disclosure of information to an applicant under this Act.	0/2	0/2	0/2	2/8	2
88	Montenegro	0/2	0/2	0/2	2/2 Article 25 "No employee who, while performing assigned duties scrupulously, discloses information of misuse of or irregularities in performing any official duty, and who also informs the head of a government agency concerned or the relevant authority for combating forbidden activities, may be hold accountable."	2/8	2
89	Norway	0/2	2/2 Act concerning the StortingÂ´s Ombudsman for Public Administration, Article 10 "<...> The Ombudsman may point out that an error has been committed or that negligence has been shown in the public administration. If he finds sufficient reason for so doing, he may inform the prosecuting authority or appointments authority what action he believes should be taken accordingly against the official concerned. <...> If the Ombudsman finds that there are matters which may entail liability to pay compensation, he may, depending on the circumstances, suggest that compensation should be paid.<...>"	0/2	0/2	2/8	2
90	Panama	2/2 Artículo 20: El funcionario requerido por el Tribunal que conoce del Recurso de Hábeas Data, que incumpla con la obligación de suministrar la información, incurrirá en desacato y será sancionado con multa mínima equivalente al doble del salario mensual que devenga. En caso de reincidencia, el funcionario será sancionado con la destitución del cargo. Artículo 21: La persona afectada por habérsele negado el acceso a la información, una vez cumplidos con los requisitos y trámites expuestos en la presente Ley, tendrá derecho a demandar civilmente al servidor público responsable por los daños y perjuicios que se le hayan ocasionado. Artículo 22: El funcionario que obstaculice el acceso a la información, destruya o altere un documento o registro, sin perjuicio de las responsabilidades administrativas y penales derivadas del hecho, será sancionado con multa equivalente a dos veces el salario mensual que devenga.	0/2 N/A	0/2 Artículo 18: La actuación del director general y de los delegados de este en el ejercicio de sus funciones y atribuciones gozará de presunción de legalidad, de diligencia y de buena fe. Ninguna demanda en contra de estos por razón de su actuación implicará la separación de su cargo hasta que no se decida la causa.   Artículo 24: El director general podrá ser demandado civilmente, pero no podrán decretarse secuestros u otras medidas cautelares sobre su patrimonio desde el día de su nombramiento hasta el vencimiento de su periodo.	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
91	Paraguay	2/2 Article 5 Responsibility. Those that manage, manipulate, preserve or maintain public information, shall be personally responsible for their actions or omissions that result in the concealment, alteration, loss or dismemberment of the same, without prejudice to the State liability. Article 28 Administrative Summary. The breach of the duties and obligations under this Act, by public servants, will also be considered as a serious offense and will incur administrative liability, which shall be subject to the penalties set forth in Law No. 1,626 / 00 "CIVIL" and the relevant legal provisions.Article 29: Governing Law. In the event that the breach is committed by an individual who is not a public official or employee, the sanctions established in the laws governing their employment with public source to which it belongs will apply.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
92	Qatar	2/2 مادة 22: يعاقب بالغرامة التي لا تزيد على (20,000) عشرين ألف ريال، كل من تدخل في عمل أحد المختصين بتطبيق أحكام هذا القانون بقصد إعاقته عن تقديم المعلومات23 يُعاقب بالغرامة التي لا تزيد على (50,000) خمسين ألف ريال، كل مختص بتطبيق أحكام هذا القانون يرتكب أحد الأفعال التالية: (1) حجب أو امتنع عمداً ودون مقتضٍ، عن تقديم المعلومات المطلوبة وفقاً لأحكام هذا القانون. (2) قدم معلومات غير صحيحة مع علمه بذلك 22. Anyone who interferes in the work of one of the specialists in implementing the provisions of this law with the intention of obstructing him from providing information shall be punished with a fine not exceeding (20,000) twenty thousand riyals. 23. Anyone responsible for implementing the provisions of this law who commits one of the following acts shall be punished with a fine not exceeding (50,000) fifty thousand riyals: (1) Deliberately and unjustifiably withholding or abstaining from providing the information required in accordance with the provisions of this law. (2) Knowlingly providing incorrect information	0/2 Not mentioned	0/2 Not mentioned	0/2 مادة 25: يعاقب بالحبس مدة لا تجاوز سنتين وبالغرامة التي لا تزيد على (200,000) مائتي ألف ريال، أو بإحدى هاتين العقوبتـين، كل من أفصح أو أتاح أو كشف للغير معلومات لا يجوز الإفصاح عنها وفقاً لأحكام المادة (20) من هذا القانون. وتكون العقوبة الحبس مدة لا تتجاوز عشر سنوات إذا كـان من شأن الإفصاح أو الإتاحة أو الكشف عن المعلومات الإضرار بأمن واقتصاد الدولة أو مصلحتها العامة، أو بأي من علاقاتها الدولية 25. Anyone who discloses, makes available or reveals to others information that may not be disclosed in accordance with the provisions of Article (20) of this law shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years and a fine not exceeding (200,000) two hundred thousand riyals, or by one of these two penalties. The penalty shall be imprisonment for a period not exceeding ten years if revealing, disclosing or making available information would harm the security and economy of the state, its public interest, or any of its international relations.	2/8	2
93	San Marino	1/2 Regulation of 2 December 2015, No. 16, 11(2). 2. Non-fulfilment or partial fulfilment of the obligations of publication as well as non-compliance with the acts of guidance referred to in article 12 below, paragraphs 1 and 2, constitutes, in relation to the seriousness of the infringement, a violation of the duties of the manager or, in cases where the function of Head of Transparency has been delegated, of the person responsible for the publication and dissemination of information, sanctioned in accordance with the regulations in force. This infraction also constitutes an element of evaluation of the performance of the manager or the person responsible and a possible cause of liability for damage to the image of the Administration.	0/2 Regulation of 2 December 2015, No. 16, 11(2). 2. Non-fulfilment or partial fulfilment of the obligations of publication as well as non-compliance with the acts of guidance referred to in article 12 below, paragraphs 1 and 2, constitutes, in relation to the seriousness of the infringement, a violation of the duties of the manager or, in cases where the function of Head of Transparency has been delegated, of the person responsible for the publication and dissemination of information, sanctioned in accordance with the regulations in force. This infraction also constitutes an element of evaluation of the performance of the manager or the person responsible and a possible cause of liability for damage to the image of the Administration.	0/2 N/A.	1/2 Decree, Law No. 89, 25 July 2016, 1 (4-5). 4. A witness who, on the basis of reasonable suspicion and in good faith, has provided statements in criminal proceedings relating to the offences referred to in Title IV, Chapter IV of the Criminal Code shall not be subjected to any prejudice, retaliatory or discriminatory measure, whether direct or indirect, affecting working conditions for reasons connected, directly or indirectly, with the testimony given. In such cases, when there is evidence of the retaliatory or discriminatory nature of the measures taken, the burden of proof of the existence of legitimate reasons for such measures shall lie with the employer. Any sanctions or disciplinary measures adopted by the employer in violation of the provisions of the first sentence of this paragraph shall be null and void. The measures referred to in this paragraph are also recognized to protect the next of kin of the witness, if employed by the same employer. 5. The protections referred to in paragraph 4 shall not be guaranteed in cases where it is established, even with a judgment of first instance, the criminal responsibility of the witness for the crimes of slander or false testimony or defamation or its civil liability, and for the same reasons, in cases of fraud or gross negligence.	2/8	2
94	Saudi Arabia	0/2 N/A	1/2 7.4(11) The public entity shall be responsible for monitoring compliance periodically with the Freedom of Information Interim Regulation and presenting the results to the head of the entity (or the delegate). The corrective procedures should be determined in case of non-compliance and the Regulatory Authority and NDMO should be notified accordingly.	0/2 N/A	1/2 N/A	2/8	2
95	Slovakia	2/2 Section 42a Violation of the Right to Information: \"(1) Any person intentionally issuing and disclosing untrue or inaccurate information, or breaching any obligation stipulated in a special regulation 3a) ,or giving rise to the violation of the right to information by issuing a decision, order or any other measure, shall be guilty of an offence. (2) A fine up to SKK 50,000 may be imposed for an offence under paragraph 1 and relevant activity banned f or up to two years.â€	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
96	Sudan	2/2 18. 1) Any person who deliberately undertakes the following shall be deemed to be a perpetrator of a crime: (a) Prevent access to or obtaining any information by virtue of the provisions of this law, (b) Destruction, alteration, falsification, deletion, with or without purpose, of information or documents from a competent authority. (2) Any person who violates the provisions of this law or the regulations issued under it shall be punished with imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, a fine, or both punishments.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
97	Thailand	1/2 Section 40. Any person who fails to comply with an order of the Board issued under section 32 shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or to a fine not exceeding five thousand Baht or to both	0/2 Section 13. Any person, who considers that a State agency fails to publish the information under section 7, fails to make the information available for public inspection under section 9, fails to provide him with the information under section 11, violates or fails to comply with this Act, or delays in performing its duties, or considers that he does not receive convenience without reasonable cause, is entitled to lodge a complaint with the Board, except where it is the case concerning the issuance of an order prohibiting the disclosure of information under section 15 or an order dismissing the objection under section 17 or an order refusing the correction, alteration or deletion of the personal information under section 25. In the case where the complaint is lodged with the Board under paragraph one, the Board shall complete the consideration thereof within thirty days as from the date of the receipt of the complaint. In case of necessity, such period may be extended; provided that, the reason therefor is specified and the total period shall not exceed sixty days.	1/2 Section 20. In disclosing any information the disclosure of which may constitute liability under any law, the State official shall be deemed to he exempt from such liability if he acts in good faith in the following circumstances: (1) in respect of the information under section 15, where the State official duly proceeds in accordance with the Rule issued under section 16; (2) in respect of the information under section 15, where the State official of the level specified in the Ministerial Regulation issues an order for a general disclosure or a specific disclosure to any person for securing a benefit of greater importance which relates to public interest, life, body, health or other benefit of a person and such order is reasonable; for this purpose, a restriction or condition may be imposed on the use of such information as appropriate. The disclosure of the information under parag raph one does not constitute a ground for exempting the State agency from liability under the law, if any in such case.	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
98	Tunisia	2/2 Art. 57 - Est puni d’une amende allant de cinq cents (500) dinars jusqu’aux cinq mille (5.000) dinars, quiconque qui entrave intentionnellement l’accès à l’information au sein des organismes soumis aux dispositions de la présente loi. Est puni de la sanction prévue par l’article 163 du code pénal, quiconque qui endommage intentionnellement l’information d’une manière illégale ou qui incite une autre personne pour le commettre. Art. 58 - Hormis les sanctions prévues par l’article 57 de la présente loi, tout agent public ne respectant pas les dispositions de cette loi organique, sera objet de poursuites disciplinaires conformément à la législation en vigueur.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
99	Turkey	2/2 Article 29 (Criminal Provisions): "Without prejudice to any prosecution to be conducted by virtue of general provisions of criminal law, the officials and other civil servants who negligently, recklessly or deliberately obstruct the application of this law, shall be subject to disciplinary sanctions as provided in the relevant regulations of personnel regime. The information and documents that are obtained according to this law, cannot be copied and used for commercial interest".	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
100	Uruguay	2/2 Artículo 18. (Silencio positivo).- El organismo requerido sólo podrá negar la expedición de la información solicitada mediante resolución motivada del jerarca del organismo que señale su carácter reservado o confidencial, indicando las disposiciones legales en que se funde. Vencido el plazo de veinte días hábiles desde la presentación de la solicitud, si no ha mediado prórroga o vencida la misma sin que exista resolución expresa notificada al interesado, éste podrá acceder a la información respectiva, considerándose falta grave la negativa de cualquier funcionario a proveérsela, de conformidad con las previsiones de la Ley Nº 17.060, de 23 de diciembre de 1998, y del artículo 31 de la presente ley. Artículo 31. (Responsabilidad administrativa).- Constituirán falta grave, sin perjuicio de las responsabilidades civiles y penales que pudieran corresponder: A) Denegar información no clasificada como reservada o confidencial. B) La omisión o suministro parcial de la información requerida, actuando con negligencia, dolo o mala fe. C) Permitir el acceso injustificado a información clasificada como reservada o confidencial. D) La utilización, sustracción, ocultamiento, divulgación o alteración total o parcial en forma indebida de la información que se encuentra bajo su custodia o a la que se tenga acceso por razones funcionales.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
101	Uzbekistan	1/2 16. Persons who are guilty for violation of legislation on principles of and guarantees for freedom of information shall be liable in accordance with the established procedure.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/2 Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan On Combating Corruption, 3 January 2017, No. LRU-419, 28(1) Persons reporting information on corruption offences are protected by the state, except cases established by the legislation. (2) Persecution of persons reporting information about corruption offences leads to responsibility in accordance with the legislation. (3) The rules of the present article do not apply to persons, who have reported deliberately false information about corruption offences, who are liable in accordance with the legislation.	2/8	2
102	Venezuela	1/2 14. El incumplimiento injustificado de las obligaciones previstas en esta Ley, genera responsabilidad disciplinaria, penal, civil y administrativa de conformidad con la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y la Ley. Constitution 51. Toda persona tiene el derecho de representar o dirigir peticiones ante cualquier autoridad, funcionario público o funcionaria pública sobre los asuntos que sean de la competencia de éstos o éstas, y de obtener oportuna y adecuada respuesta. Quienes violen este derecho serán sancionados o sancionadas conforme a la ley, pudiendo ser destituidos o destituidas del cargo respectivo.	0/2 N/A	1/2 Constitution 143. Los ciudadanos y ciudadanas tienen derecho a ser informados e informadas oportuna y verazmente por la Administración Pública, sobre el estado de las actuaciones en que estén directamente interesados e interesadas, y a conocer las resoluciones definitivas que se adopten sobre el particular. Asimismo, tienen acceso a los archivos y registros administrativos, sin perjuicio de los límites aceptables dentro de una sociedad democrática en materias relativas a seguridad interior y exterior, a investigación criminal y a la intimidad de la vida privada, de conformidad con la ley que regule la materia de clasificación de documentos de contenido confidencial o secreto. No se permitirá censura alguna a los funcionarios públicos o funcionarias públicas que informen sobre asuntos bajo su responsabilidad. 282. El Defensor o Defensora del Pueblo gozará de inmunidad en el ejercicio de sus funciones y, por lo tanto, no podrá ser perseguido o perseguida, detenido o detenida, ni enjuiciado o enjuiciada por actos relacionados con el ejercicio de sus funciones. En cualquier caso conocerá de manera privativa el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia. Ley Orgánica de la Defensoría del Pueblo 23. Inmunidad. El Defensor o Defensora del Pueblo gozará de inmunidad en el ejercicio de sus funciones, desde su designación hasta la conclusión de su mandato. En tal virtud, no podrá ser perseguido o perseguida, detenido o detenida ni enjuiciado o enjuiciada por las opiniones que emita o por los actos que realice en el ejercicio de sus atribuciones constitucionales y legales. En los casos de presunta comisión de un delito, conocerá en forma privativa el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, única autoridad que podrá ordenar su detención y continuar su enjuiciamiento. En caso de delito flagrante, la autoridad competente lo o la pondrá bajo custodia en su residencia y lo comunicará de inmediato al Tribunal Supremo de Justicia.	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
103	Zimbabwe	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	2/2 39 No criminal or civil liability shall attach to any person with respect to anything done or omitted to be done in good faith and without gross negligence in the exercise or performance or purported exercise or performance of any function in terms of this Act.	0/2 N/A	2/8	2
104	Argentina	1/2 ARTÍCULO 18° — Responsabilidades. El funcionario público o agente responsable que en forma arbitraria obstruya el acceso del solicitante a la información pública requerida, o la suministre en forma incompleta u obstaculice de cualquier modo el cumplimiento de esta ley, incurre en falta grave sin perjuicio de las responsabilidades administrativas, patrimoniales y penales que pudieran caberle conforme lo previsto en las normas vigentes.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/8	1
105	Austria	0/2 Not mentioned	0/2 Not mentioned	0/2 Not mentioned	1/2 Whistleblower Protection Act (HSchG) of 2023.	1/8	1
106	El Salvador	1/2 ARTICLE 76 Las infracciones a la presente ley se clasifican en muy graves, graves y leves. Son infracciones muy graves: a. Sustraer, destruir, ocultar, inutilizar o alterar, total o parcialmente, información que se encuentre bajo su custodia o a la que tengan acceso o conocimiento con motivo de su empleo, cargo o comisión. b. Entregar o difundir información reservada o confidencial. c. No proporcionar la información cuya entrega haya sido ordenada por el Instituto. d. El incumplimiento por parte del funcionario competente de nombrar a los Oficiales de Información. e. Negarse a entregar la información solicitada, sin la debida justificación. f. Tener la información bajo su custodia de manera desactualizada, desordenada, en violación ostensible a las medidas archivísticas establecidas en esta ley y por el Instituto. Son infracciones graves a. Actuar con negligencia en la sustanciación de las solicitudes de acceso a la información o en la difusión de la información a que están obligados conforme a esta ley. b. Denegar información no clasificada como reservada o que no sea confidencial. c. No proporcionar la información cuya entrega haya sido ordenada por un Oficial de Información. d. Proporcionar parcialmente o de manera ininteligible la información cuya entrega haya sido ordenada por el Instituto. e. Invocar como reservada información que no cumple con las características señaladas en esta ley. La responsabilidad solo existirá cuando haya una resolución previa respecto del criterio de clasificación de esa información. f. Proporcionar parcialmente o de manera ininteligible la información cuya entrega haya sido ordenada por el Oficial de Información. Son infracciones leves: a. Pedir justificación para la entrega de información. b. Elevar los costos de reproducción de la información sin justificación alguna. c. No proporcionar la información en el plazo fijado por esta ley. ARTICLE 77 Por la comisión de las infracciones señaladas en el artículo anterior, se impondrán al funcionario público con facultad para tomar decisiones dentro de las atribuciones de su cargo las siguientes sanciones: a. Por la comisión de infracciones muy graves, se impondrá al infractor una multa de veinte a cuarenta salarios mínimos mensuales para el sector comercio y servicios. La comisión de dos o más infracciones muy graves en el plazo de trescientos sesenta y cinco días, dará lugar, en función de los criterios de graduación del artículo siguiente, a la suspensión de funciones por el término de treinta días calendario ordenada por la autoridad superior correspondiente, salvo si la conducta es causal de destitución de acuerdo con el régimen del servicio aplicable. b. Por la comisión de infracciones graves, se impondrá al infractor una multa de diez a dieciocho salarios mínimos mensuales para el sector comercio y servicios. c. Por la comisión de infracciones leves, se impondrá al infractor una multa cuyo importe será de unohasta ocho salarios mínimos mensuales para el sector comercio y servicios. Todas las sanciones impuestas serán publicadas en los medios electrónicos del Instituto e incorporadas como anexos del informe anual. Art. 78. La cuantía de las multas que se impongan, dentro de los límites indicados, se graduará teniendo en cuenta lo siguiente: a. La existencia de intencionalidad o de reiteración en el hecho. b. La reincidencia, por comisión de infracciones de la misma naturaleza, sancionadas mediante resolución firme. c. La naturaleza y cuantía de los perjuicios causados por el infractor. d. La extensión del período durante el que se haya venido cometiendo la infracción. ARTICLE. 79. Las acciones para interponer denuncias por las infracciones a la presente ley prescribirán en el plazo de noventa días contados desde la fecha en que se hayan cometido. Las sanciones impuestas por el Instituto por dichas infracciones prescribirán en el término de tres años contados desde la fecha en que hubiere quedado firme la respectiva resolución. ARTICLE. 80. El Oficial de Información o el Instituto darán aviso al Fiscal General de la República, para los efectos legales pertinentes, cuando en los procedimientos	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/8	1
107	Estonia	1/2 54.1 Violation of requirements for disclosure and release of public information "(1) Knowing release of incorrect public information or knowing disclosure or release of information intended for internal use or failure to comply with a precept of the Data Protection Inspectorate is punishable by a fine of up to 300 fine units. (2) The provisions of the General Part of the Penal Code and the Code of Misdemeanour Procedure apply to the misdemeanours provided for in this section. (3) The Data Protection Inspectorate is the extra-judicial body which conducts proceedings in matters of misdemeanours provided for in this section. [RT I 2003, 26, 158 - entry into force 01.10.2003]"	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/8	1
108	Georgia	1/2 Article 49 â€“ Submission and publication of reports A public institution shall be obliged, on December 10 each year, to submit to the Parliament of Georgia, the President of Georgia and the Prime Minister of Georgia, and publish in the Legislative Herald of Georgia a report on: a) the number of applications submitted to a public institution for issuing public information and making amendments to public information, as well as the number of decisions on rejecting such applications; b) the number of decisions on granting or rejecting applications, the name of the public servant making the decisions, as well as the decisions on closing its own session by a collegial public institution; c) the public databases, and collecting, processing, storing and transferring the personal data by public institutions to others; d) the number of violations of the requirements of this Code by public servants, and imposing disciplinary fines on the responsible persons; e) the legislative acts used by a public institution as a basis for refusing to issue public information, or when closing the session of a collegial public institution; f) appealing decisions to refuse issuing public information; g) the costs, including the amounts paid in favour of a party, related to processing and issuing information by a public institution, as well as to appealing decisions to refuse to issue public information or to close the session of a collegial public institution.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/8	1
109	Palau	1/2 Section 10(c) Any person responsible for the failure to timely disclose a public record shall be jointly and severally personally liable in the form of a civil penalty in the amount of five hundred dollars ($500) for the first offense and one thousand dollars ($1,000) for all subsequent offenses. The civil penalty shall be assessed by a judge of the Palau Supreme Court in a successful action to enforce this Act. A violation of this Act shall not constitute a criminal offense and the assessment of the civil penalty shall not give rise to any disability or legal disadvantage based upon conviction of a criminal offense; (d) Any person who prevails against a governing body in any action in the Palau Supreme Court to enforce a violation of this Act shall be awarded all costs, including reasonable attorney fees, incurred in connection with such legal action; (e) Any governing body that prevails in defense of a civil action for a violation of this Act may be awarded reasonable expenses and attorney fees if the Palau Supreme Court also finds that the commencement of such civil action was frivolous and advanced without reasonable cause.	0/2 Not mentioned	0/2 Not mentioned	0/2 Not mentioned	1/8	1
110	Philippines	1/2 Section 15: Administrative Liability: Failure to comply with the provisions of this Order may be a ground for administrative and disciplinary sanctions against any erring public officer or employee as provided under existing laws or regulations.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/8	1
111	Poland	1/2 23 Whoever, contrary to the obligation weighing on him, shall not make the public information available, is subject to fine, penalty of restricted liberty or penalty of deprivation of liberty for up to one year.	0/2	0/2	0/2	1/8	1
112	Russia	1/2 Article 8: (Rights of the Information User): The information user has the right: [...] (5) to demand, in accordance with the procedure defined by law, compensation for damage caused by violation of the right to access information on the activities of government bodies and bodies of local self-government. Article 23(2): (Protection of the Right to Access to Information on the Activities of Government Bodies and Bodies of Local Self-Government): If as a result of wrongful refusal in access to information on activities of government bodies and bodies of local self-government, or its untimely granting, or granting of intentionally misleading information or information not corresponding to the content of the request, the information user was caused damages, such damages are subject to compensation according to the civil legislation of the Russian Federation. Article 25: (Liability for Violation of the Right to Access Information on the Activities of Government Bodies and Bodies of Local Self-Government): Officials of government bodies and bodies of local self-government and government and municipal employees, guilty of violation of the right access to information on the activities of government bodies and bodies of local self-government, bear disciplinary, administrative, civil and criminal liability according to the legislation of the Russian Federation.	0/2	0/2	0/2	1/8	1
113	Rwanda	1/2 MINISTERIAL ORDER No. 005/07.01/13: Article 13: Unless proved for otherwise by a competent authority, no information officer shall be punished for failure to provide access to classified information or whose classification is in doubt. Penal Code, Article 590: Any person who has the obligation to provide information who: (1) delays to give information without good cause, (2) knowingly gives incorrect, incomplete or misleading information; shall be liable to a fine of one hundred thousand (100,000) to five hundred thousand (500,000) Rwandan francs. Article 591: Penalty for refusal to provide information or illegal withholding of Information: Any person who intentionally and without justification fails to provide information or illegally withholds information for the purpose of concealing this information, shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of one (1) month but less than six (6) months and a fine of two hundred thousand (200, 000) to one million (1,000,000) Rwandan francs or one of these penalties.	0/2	0/2 Article 18: Prohibited acts: The following acts shall be prohibited: voluntarily revelation of a State secret and accessing to a State secret with a view to reveal it;.. (5) spreading false information with intent to create a hostile international opinion against the Rwandan State;	0/2	1/8	1
114	South Korea	0/2	0/2	1/2 28 No one shall be put at a disadvantage in terms of his/her status, including disciplinary measures, or be discriminated in work conditions on the grounds of legitimate information disclosure under this Act.	0/2	1/8	1
115	Taiwan	1/2 23 Government employees shall be punished or reprimanded according to law and the severity of the offense if they violate the relevant provisions set forth in this Law when performing duty.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	1/8	1
116	Togo	0/2 Article 50 : (1) Sans préjudice des sanctions encourues en vertu d'autres dispositions légales ou réglementaires ; toute personne utilisant des informations en violation des dispositions de la présente loi ou des conditions d'utilisation prévues par une licence délivrée à cet effet ou en violation de l'obligation d'obtention d'une licence ; ou qui : - modifie, tronque ou détruit un document ou une information ; - falsifie ou établit un faux document ou fournit une fausse information est passible d'une amende de : trois cent mille (300 000) à un million (1 000 000) de francs CFA lorsque les informations ont été utilisées à des fins non commerciales ; cinq cent mille (500 000) à deux millions (2 000 000) de francs CFA lorsque les informations ont été utilisées à des fins commerciales. (2) En cas de récidive, les dispositions générales du code pénal en matière de récidive sont appliquées. (3) La juridiction saisie peut, en sus de l'amende, interdire à l'auteur d'une infraction l'utilisation des informations pendant une durée maximale de deux (02) ans. Cette durée peut être portée à cinq (05) ans en cas de récidive. (4) La juridiction saisie peut également ordonner la publication de la sanction aux frais de la personne auteur de l'infraction. Article 51 : Tout agent d'un organisme public qui met à la disposition d'un requérant une information confidentielle ou non communicable, commet une faute et est passible de sanctions administratives sans préjudice d'autres sanctions prévues par la législation en vigueur.	0/2 N/A	1/2 Article 4 : Le Médiateur de la République ne peut être poursuivi, recherché, arrêté, détenu ou jugé à l'occasion des opinions qu'il émet ou des actes qu'il accomplit dans l'exercise de ses fonctions.	0/2 N/A	1/8	1
117	Andorra	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
118	Angola	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
119	Belgium	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
120	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0/2 Art. 26.3. "Any contravention of this Act may be subject to sanctions under the administrative laws, criminal laws, laws on minor offences and under any other applicable legislation in force in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina."	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
121	Cape Verde	0/2 22-25	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
122	Czech Republic	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
123	Denmark	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
124	East Timor	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
125	France	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
126	Germany	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
127	Greece	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
128	Hungary	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
129	Iceland	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
130	Jordan	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 15 When the Director of the National Library department assumes the terms of reference of the Information Commissioner beside his/her base profession, his/her legal liability shall be limited to the information kept with his/her department.	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
131	Kazakhstan	0/2 20 Violation of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan on access to information results in responsibility established by laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
132	Lebanon	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
133	Liechtenstein	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
134	Lithuania	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
135	Monaco	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
136	Portugal	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0
137	Republic of Belarus	0/2 Article 27. Aims of protection of information Aims of protection of information shall be:  prevention of unauthorized access, destruction, modification (changing), copying, dissemination and (or) provision of information, of blocking of legitimate access to information, as well as of other wrongful actions. Article 30. Organizing protection of information Protection of information shall be organized: • with regard to publicly accessible information – by a person who disseminates and (or) provides such information; • with regard to information dissemination and (or) provision of which is restricted – by the owner or operator of the information system containing such information, or by the holder of information, if such information is not contained in the information systems; • by other persons in cases specified by this Law and other legislative acts of the Republic of Belarus. Article 41. Liability for violation of the legislation on information, informatization and protection of information Violation of the legislation on information, Informatization and protection of information entails liability in accordance with the legislative acts of the Republic of Belarus.	0/2 Article 41. Liability for violation of the legislation on information, informatization and protection of information Violation of the legislation on information, Informatization and protection of information entails liability in accordance with the legislative acts of the Republic of Belarus.		0/2 Not mentioned	0/6	0
138	Spain	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 Artículo 29 (Infracciones disciplinarias): 1. Son infracciones muy graves: e) La negligencia en la custodia de secretos oficiales, declarados así por Ley o clasificados como tales, que sea causa de su publicación o que provoque su difusión o conocimiento indebido.	0/8	0
139	Switzerland	0/2	0/2	0/2	0/2 Article 7 (Exceptions). Section 1: "The right of access shall be limited, deferred or refused if such access to an official document: [...] h. is likely to result in the release of information provided voluntarily by a third party to an authority which undertook to maintain secrecy with regard thereto. "	0/8	0
140	Tajikistan	0/2 14(3) and (3)(2) hint at this, but are vague.	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/2 N/A	0/8	0

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